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The Bloodlands of Eastern Europe were particularly brutal for Jews during the Holocaust. As the front lines moved back and forth, Jews had to navigate the violence perpetrated by the Nazi Germans, anti-Semitic Soviets, and their neighbors who may turn them into the authorities in order to gain favor with them. Historian Timothy Snyder referred to this delicate balancing act as being caught between [BLANK-1].

When a military junta took power in Argentina in 1976, they targeted critics of the regime and potential subversives. In short order, they made as many as 30,000 people “disappear” (in reality most were secretly killed by the government but some were imprisoned). This process came to be known as [BLANK-1]. Mothers and grandmothers of those who had been “disappeared” began marching in front of the presidential palace at the Plaza de Mayo holding pictures of their missing children with signs reading “where are they?”. Babies born to pregnant women who gave birth in detention were secretly given up for adoption to pro-government families, the police, or the armed forces. Most of those who were “disappeared” were never heard from again.

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. It appealed mostly to workers and some intellectuals, but was a relatively obscure movement before 1848. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as the beginning of ever-greater social justice (particularly the revolutionary values of fraternity and equality) and pushed for more extreme changes to society. This ideology promoted state economic planning, state control of property, and a greater economic equality for the masses. Key supporters include Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen.

Now the French National Anthem, [BLANK-1] was a war-time song that developed in southern France during the more radical phases of the French Revolution. The lyrics of the song (such as “to arms, citizens, form your battalions, let’s march, let’s march, until impure blood waters the furrows of our fields” and “may your perishing enemies see your triumph and our glory” illustrate the nationalist ideology that was present in France at the time and the violent, warlike attitude that went with defending the fatherland.

[BLANK-1] was a political philosophy that developed during the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as a triumphant moment but believed there was no need to go much further. They promoted freedom from government control, freedom of the press, free speech, free assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and the protection of property rights. This ideology appealed to the middle class and supporters favored a restricted franchise of mostly elite men; few pushed for more radical brands of change such as democracy or republicanism. Key supporters include Alexis de Tocqueville, Jeremy Bentham, and Adam Smith. 

A French political cartoon we have reviewed in this class satirized the Berlin Conference of 1884 (a conference of European imperial powers who met up to partition Africa amongst themselves). In the cartoon, the Chancellor of Germany, [BLANK-1], holds a large knife and has cut up a cake with the word “Afrique” (French for Africa) on it. Astonished Europeans stare at him as they wait to receive their piece of the cake (Africa). This cake-cutting German Chancellor was one of the most ardent proponents of European Neo-Imperialism in Africa and was the de facto host of the Berlin Conference.

During the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, the French army that had been called in to keep the peace joined the rioting citizens and laid siege to the prison-fortress. At that point, the army became the people’s army known as [BLANK-1]. The following day, the Marquis de Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolution) was given command of the body.

[BLANK-1] published Principia in 1687. It was a work that established much of the field of physics and helped to explain what forces controlled the movement of planets and objects on Earth. This person’s scientific work integrated advances in astronomy, laws of planetary motion, and observational physics. Principia demonstrated that the whole universe was unified in one majestic system; matter moves on Earth and throughout the heavens according to the same laws, which could be understood and expressed in mathematical terms.

[BLANK-1] was a form of proto-industrialization that occurred prior to the factory work of the Industrial Revolution. With this process, an entrepreneur would provide a family with raw materials and the family would work to produce a manufactured product on their own time before the entrepreneur returned with their wages and more raw materials to be manufactured into a finished product. With this system families controlled the pace of their labor.

[BLANK-1] ended the American Revolution. Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the thirteen colonies and to cede all territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River to the Americans.