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In four o’clocks, RR plants have red flowers, Rr have pink flowers, and rr have white flowers. If r allele is a loss-of-function allele, a reasonable molecular explanation for the pink phenotype would be

True-breeding tall plants with white flowers are crossed to true-breeding dwarf plants with purple flowers. The F1 plants were tall with purple flowers. The genes that affect these traits independently assort. If the F1 plants were allowed to self-fertilize, the expected ratio of the F2 generation would be

For the pedigree shown below, individuals affected with a genetic disorder are shown in black.

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive trait in which the blood does not clot properly. An unaffected mother and a father with hemophilia have a daughter with hemophilia. Their next offspring is a son named Dan. What is the likelihood that Dan has hemophilia?

In (placental) mammals such as people, the process of X-chromosome inactivation first occurs

Which of the following terms can be used to describe a person with Down syndrome?

In mice, a true-breeding female with a normal tail is crossed to a true-breeding male with a short tail. All of the F1 offspring have normal tails. The F1 female offspring are then crossed to true-breeding males with a short tail. All of the F2 offspring have normal tails. These are observations are consistent with

In simple terms, and in one or two sentences, describe the process of “wishcycling” and provide an example to illustrate what this is. (2 points)

The term “gene family” refers to 

In snails, coiling is controlled by a maternal effect gene in which D (right) is dominant to d (left) A female that coils to the right has offspring that all coil to the left. What are the genotypes of the mother of these offspring and the maternal grandmother, respectively?