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A researcher is conducting a clinical study and has collected data. The key steps    in data management are:

The investigators were assessing severity of periodontal disease among a convenience sample of older adults in the city of Rochester. They found that individuals who were African-American had much greater mean attachment loss than older adults who were Caucasian and Hispanic. To assess these differences statistically one can use:

A dentist devised a screening test for dental caries. An independent blind comparison was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of dental caries among 200 patients. Among the 50 patients found with dental caries according to the gold standard, 35 patients were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found without dental caries according to the gold standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test.   Dental Caries Test Present Absent Positive 35 30 65 Negative 15 120 135 50 150 200  The correct parameters of the test are:

Individuals are divided into sub-groups on the basis of specified characteristics  and then random samples are selected from each sub-group. This type of sampling is:

In a study of a disease in which all cases that developed were ascertained, if the relative risk for the association between a factor and the disease is equal to or less than 1.0, then:

If Dr. X decides to obtain a list of all patients at Strong Memorial Hospital and  Highland Hospital and wants to select a suitable sample from this list. The best  way would be:

The Department of Pediatric Dentistry at EIOH is conducting a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries in 1-5 year old children that are patients in the clinic.  The investigators already have gathered data on 200 children and they satisfied their sample size requirements. The first step in their data analysis will be:

The common research study problems that may influence the results are:

How much total funding does HB 1 allocate for the year 2026?

What is one possible long-term effect of HB 1’s focus on property tax relief?