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Tied columns are more ductile than spiral columns, giving tied columns a higher strength-reduction factor.

If additional steel reinforcement in a column prevents concrete from expanding outward under compression, then logically it follows that _______.

Over _____ percent of all columns in buildings in nonseismic regions are tied columns.

In tall buildings, the concrete strength in the columns is often selected to be _______ that in the floors.

Ties confine the concrete core and decrease the column’s ductility.

Spiral reinforcement acts to restrain the _______ of the column core under high axial loads.

In tall buildings, concrete strength in the columns is often higher than that in the floors.

What is the strength-reduction factor, φ, for tied columns?

ACI 318-14 Section 25.7.3.1 limits the clear spacing of spirals in a column to a maximum of _______.

Determine the maximum axial strength φPn,max for the following tied column.Column width, b = 24 in.Column thickness, h = 12 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 14Size of longitudinal bars = No. 8Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 2,500 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi