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Noise can also result from distractions within an advertising message itself.

Markups are determined partly on the basis of marketers’ judgments of the amounts that consumers will pay for a product.

Customer relationship management systems are more beneficial to retailers than to B2B firms.

As consumers devote little effort to convenience product purchase decisions, marketers must strive to make these exchanges as simple as possible.

A price of $ 9.97 is less likely to appeal to customers than $ 9.95 or $ 9.99.

Slotting allowances refer to money paid by producers to retailers to guarantee display of their merchandise.

The first step in the AIDA concept involves convincing the would-be buyer of the product’s ability to satisfy his or her needs.

Other things being equal, stores that offer more services charge smaller markups to cover their costs.

A supercenter is usually larger than a hypermarket.

Selling up is a retailing practice in which salespeople try to persuade customers to buy higher-priced items than originally intended.