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After reading each source carefully, type: I have read the s…

After reading each source carefully, type: I have read the sources.  Source B From Geopolitics: Europe | CFR Education. (2022, February 8). CFR Education. Retrieved October 14, 2024, from https://education.cfr.org/learn/reading/geopolitics-europe Independence Movements Challenge Europe’s Borders In 2017, millions of Catalans (residents of the semi-autonomous, northeastern corner of Spain) voted to secede and thus become an independent country. The Spanish government in Madrid, threatened by the potential breakup of their country and the loss of a major economic hub in Barcelona, nullified the referendum and arrested the region’s political leaders. Though many think of Europe as a static entity with defined borders, the Catalan independence movement is one of a handful of efforts to redraw those borders. Some movements are entirely peaceful; Scotland held a referendum in 2014 on whether it should leave the United Kingdom. (It decided not to.) Others are more volatile; for years, violence rocked the Basque region in France and Spain. While several of those movements aim for independent territory, many simply seek more autonomy. After reading each source carefully, type: I have read the sources.   

Read all the sources carefully and type: I have read the sou…

Read all the sources carefully and type: I have read the sources.  Source B What Is Sovereignty? Understand the principle that has underpinned world order for the past four hundred years. From: https://education.cfr.org/learn/video/what-sovereignty Sovereignty is the bedrock of international relations. The concept lays out basic rules for how countries are allowed to interact with one another. In principle, it means countries get to control what happens inside their borders and can’t interfere in what happens elsewhere. This protects countries from being invaded over internal matters. But the concept of sovereignty doesn’t play out perfectly in reality. There are limits to the control a country can exercise over what happens inside its borders. In the case of grievous human rights abuses like genocide, many countries argue breaches of sovereignty should be allowed on humanitarian grounds. Meanwhile, dozens of countries around the globe choose to give up a degree of sovereignty to join organizations like the European Union and the World Trade Organization. Today, as the world grows increasingly interconnected, what constitutes a violation of sovereignty is up for interpretation—and world leaders have to decide how to tackle problems like climate change and terrorism that know no borders. Source C From the transcript of, Reimagining Sovereignty in a Global Era: When fires in the Amazon affect countries around the world, is there a need to rethink a centuries-old understanding of sovereignty? https://education.cfr.org/learn/video/reimagining-sovereignty-global-era Fires in Brazil can heat up countries across the planet. So shouldn’t those countries have a say in whether the fires are put out? Our modern world is built on the concept of sovereignty, that a country gets to decide what happens within its borders without foreign interference. But the world is changing. Computer viruses from one country can bring down critical infrastructure in another, and people migrating from one country can cause political crises in an entire region. Nowadays, lighting a match in one country can set the whole world on fire. While a country still decides how to govern itself, its decisions are more likely to affect other countries. And when one country’s decisions cause harm to another country, that second country may try to protect its own. This type of interaction occurred in 2019 when there was international outrage over the fires in the Amazon. The Brazilian government denied responsibility and pointed to loggers who illegally strip the forest, and ranchers and farmers who set fires to illegally clear the land. However, many environmentalists and international groups blamed the new president, Jair Bolsonaro, saying his pro-business rhetoric and weakening of environmental protection rules encouraged the fire starters. While the Amazon burned, a group of rich countries, referred to as the G7, held their annual meeting in France. Concerned about climate change, the G7 members tried to convince Brazil to put out the fires. They demanded more action from Bolsonaro and offered an incentive. They would give Brazil $22 million to help fight the fires. But Bolsonaro initially refused, with a government spokesman saying, “Our sovereignty is non-negotiable.” Meanwhile, some countries threatened to punish Brazil instead by opposing a major trade deal between the EU and a group of South American countries. Ireland and France publicly threatened to block the agreement unless Brazil worked harder to put out the fires. Eventually, Bolsonaro accepted some foreign aid money and sent the Brazilian army in to control the fires. And in the following months, there were far fewer fires. But climate change remains a global challenge and Brazil isn’t the only country with important rainforests orharmful domestic policies. In the future, other countries may be targeted with incentives or with threats from economic sanctions to possibly more direct interventions. While these actions may violate the traditional concept of sovereignty, some modern problems ignore borders and their solutions might have to do the same. Source D From Tanks, Sanctions, and Separatists: The Various Challenges to Sovereignty: A government’s authority within its borders gets challenged all the time. Here is how. https://education.cfr.org/learn/reading/tanks-sanctions-and-separatists-various-challenges-sovereignty How Do Countries Challenge One Another’s Sovereignty?Each of the 193 members of the United Nations is promised “sovereign equality.” This essentially means that countries agree not to invade or interfere with one another, especially militarily. Under this arrangement, borders are seen as sacrosanct; they act like “no trespassing” signs between countries. In theory, sovereign equality prevents countries in the international neighborhood from storming one another’s backyards. But, inreality, sovereignty is complicated. Governments see the principle challenged all the time. Economic coercion: Sanctions are economic penalties countries use to compel people, companies, and other governments to change their behavior on a broad range of issues, including nuclear proliferation and human rights. They are designed to reduce—or, at their most draconian, shut down—financial and trade relations with the intended target, as when the United States cut most of its economic ties with Cuba in 1959. But sanctions are not the only economic actions that incite debates over sovereignty. Organizations like the International Monetary Fund have been criticized for loans that impose conditions on the borrowing countries’ internal economic policies. China, in particular, has been accused of trying to gain political influence in other countries by offering large, bilateral loans. Separatism: Sovereignty connotes authority within borders. It means that, for example, the government of Spain is in charge of what happens in Spain. However, separatist movements challenge that authority when they strive for their own sovereignty. For instance, a bid for independence from a separatist faction within Spain might be viewed as a challenge to the Spanish government’s sovereignty. This played out in reality after the semi autonomous region of Catalonia voted to secede from Spain in 2017. The Spanish supreme court declared the referendum unconstitutional and the government arrested the leaders of the independence movement. Spain’s former prime minister stated he could not “negotiate sovereignty.” Transnational challenges: In today’s interconnected world, what happens in one country does not stay there. For example, the actions of individual countries like China or the United States—worldwide leaders in carbon emissions—can speed up or slow down climate change, which threatens the planet. And when the coronavirus pandemic struck in late 2019, what China did (or did not do) to contain its spread within its borders had global repercussions. In a world full of transnational threats, some critics now question whether the traditional understanding of sovereignty—and its inviolability—still holds. Read all the sources carefully and type: I have read the sources. 

SHORT ESSAY QUESTION Describe how a) economically, b) racial…

SHORT ESSAY QUESTION Describe how a) economically, b) racially, and c) geographically marginalized communities are exceptionally vulnerable to climate change. Provide one different example for each of these forms of marginalization from the course readings or videos.