PART B. IDENTIFICATIONS: The following passages come from th…

PART B. IDENTIFICATIONS: The following passages come from the readings you have done for the semester. For this part of the exam, you are to name the author of FIVE of these passages and interpret these same FIVE passages, each in a coherent paragraph. In “interpreting a passage,” you should give its context within the author’s argument, the meaning of the passage, and how it relates to other ideas in the author’s argument or the wider course. Use as many specific details as possible.

“Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have…

“Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The modern labourer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class.”

“We have given you birth, nurtured you, educated you; we hav…

“We have given you birth, nurtured you, educated you; we have given you and all other citizens a share of all the good things we could.  Even so, by giving every Athenian the opportunity once arrived at voting age and having observed the affairs of the city and us the laws, we proclaim that if we do not please him, he can take his possessions and go wherever he pleases…We say, however, that whoever of you remains, when he sees how we conduct our trials and manage the city in other ways, has in fact come to an agreement with us to obey our instructions.”