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The symbol [p ̚̚̚   ] means that:

In Standard American English, the words “pin” and “pen” are homonyms.

In the context of syllable structure notation, the onset for the word “up” is notated as:

In the context of syllable structure, which is the nucleus of the word “clench?”

For most people, at approximately what age does it become difficult to learn the phonetic repertoire and phonological patterns of a new language?

Final consonant deletion, when it occurs in the context of dialectal difference, is considered an error and qualifies a person for speech therapy.

Standard American English is superior to vernacular dialects of American English.

Many users of Southern American English tend to tense vowels that are otherwise produced as lax.

A /lεg/ — > /leɪg/ pronunciation, as commonly occurs in Southern American English, is considered tensing of a lax vowel.

Standard American English has three diphthongs.