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In association with and in addition to adequate dietary intake, supplements containing high doses of water-soluble vitamins can be extremely beneficial for improving athletic performance due to the role many of them play in metabolic energy production pathways.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding branched chain amino acids?

Describe how free radicals are formed and the effects they have on the human body in small acute doses vs. chronic/larger doses. Are athletes at greater risk for free radical induced cellular damage – explain your answer. Based on this should athletes supplement their diet with individual antioxidants?  Why or why not.

A researcher is studying the distance between a gene required for lysine synthesis (lys) and the centromere in Neurospora.  The researcher counts tetrad patterns and obtains the following data.  What is the distance from the centromere to the lys gene?  

Which of the following statements regarding a genetic map (also called a linkage map) is false?

In corn, the genes Pl for purple leaves (dominant over pl for green leaves), sm for salmon silk (recessive to Sm for yellow silk) and py for pigmy plant (recessive to Py for normal size plant) are all on chromosome 6.  You perform a test-cross with a plant heterozygous for all three mutations and obtain the following segregation pattern                                                  Phenotype                       No. of Progeny              Green leaves, yellow silk, normal plant               384             Green leaves, yellow silk, pigmy plant                   1             Green leaves, salmon silk, normal plant              71             Green leaves, salmon silk, pigmy plant                40             Purple leaves, yellow silk, normal plant               36             Purple leaves, yellow silk, pigmy plant                75             Purple leaves, salmon silk, normal plant               3             Purple leaves, salmon silk, pigmy plant               390                                                                                Total = 1000 Use this information provide a map that shows the order of these genes and the distance between them (i.e., gene 1 – XcM – gene 2 – X cM – gene 3) and calculate the interference for this region.

Which of the following statements regarding a genetic map (also called a linkage map) is false?

Two parents have the following genotypes at loci for three autosomal recessive disorders and one X-linked recessive disorder.  All 4 loci segregate independently.   AaBbCcXdY crossed with AaBbCcXDXd   What is the genotype of a child affected by all four disorders?

Wild-type tigers are orange (shown in orange).  White tigers are caused by a recessive mutation in the autosomal SLC45A2 gene (shown in white).  You work at a tiger rescue and are trying to predict the coloration of a new tiger cub about to be born (marked with the ?).  II-4 and II-5 come from zoos with no history of white tigers. What is the probability that the new cub will be white colored?

Using the same cross above, what is the probability of having a child affected by all four disorders?   Remember: The following genotypes have loci for three autosomal recessive disorders and one X-linked recessive disorder.  All 4 loci segregate independently. AaBbCcXdY crossed with AaBbCcXDXd