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The phenomenon of linkage defies

Two genes are 36 map units apart. In a testcross, what percentage of offspring is expected to be recombinants?

Unfortunately Phil was in a car accident and needed a blood transfusion. He was given blood type O. The young resident who ordered the transfusion panics because he didn’t give orders for Phils blood to be tested. When he did Phil was blood type AB. What is the prognosis for Phil:

In genetics, the term “linkage” means that

A person with Down syndrome is

When two different genes are close together on the same chromosome and tend to be transmitted together from parent to offspring, this phenomenon is called

Assuming that 50% of the offspring are male and 50% are female, what is the probability of this couple having a son with short index fingers?

In a chi square analysis involving genes that may be linked, the expected values are calculated 

A researcher conducted crosses between two different strains of Drosophila. When true-breeding flies with singed bristles (s) and normal wings (L) were crossed to true-breeding flies with normal bristles (S) and vestigial wings (l), all F1 offspring had normal wings and normal bristles. The F1 offspring were crossed to flies with singed bristles and vestigial wings. Which F2 offspring is/are nonrecombinant? 

During the technique of genomic hybridization, DNA from normal cells or cancer cells is hybridized to metaphase chromosomes. Which samples are fluorescently labeled?