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Many students on campus love to go eat at Leannas, they like to call in their orders and pick up their lunch.

MC Questions 12 – 20 A.        UTP or UDP or PLP (vitamin B6) F.         NADP+/NADPH or Transaminase or Carnitine B.        ATP/ADP or Biotin G.        FAD/FADH2 or Mutase or CO2 or HCO3- C.        ATP/AMP or Phosphatase or Fumarate H.        Pi or 2Pi (phosphate) or Synthase or Citrate D.        GTP/GDP or Kinase or Glutamate I.         H2O or Urea or Phosphorylase E.        NAD+/NADH or Dehydrogenase or

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MC Questions 32 – 44 A.        UTP or UDP or PLP (vitamin B6) F.         NADP+/NADPH or Transaminase or Carnitine B.        ATP/ADP or Biotin G.        FAD/FADH2 or Mutase or CO2 or HCO3- C.        ATP/AMP or Phosphatase or Fumarate H.        Pi or 2Pi (phosphate) or Synthase or Citrate D.        GTP/GDP or Kinase or Glutamate I.         H2O or Urea or Phosphorylase E.        NAD+/NADH or Dehydrogenase or 

The following diagram shows part of the degradation pathway of the amino acid, Lys. Answer the question associated with each letter in the diagram.   Is the substrate oxidized, reduced, or neither oxidized nor reduced?   What is the required cofactor for this reaction?   Is TPP required for this decarboxylation reaction?   Is Lys classified as a glucogenic or a ketogenic amino acid?

Upload your answers to these questions. a.) Outline the reactions required to release a molecule of stored glucose from liver glycogen into the bloodstream. You may use acceptable abbreviations for the names of compounds–structures are not necessary. Include enzyme names or general type of enzymatic reaction for each step. (3 pts.) b.) Again in the liver, outline the series of reactions required to store a molecule of glucose as glycogen. You may use acceptable abbreviations for the names of compounds-–structures are not necessary. Include enzyme names or general type of enzymatic reaction for each step.  (3 pts.) c.) Briefly explain what provides the free energy required for the reactions outlined in part b.  (2 pts.)

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation  Write out the missing compound, cofactor, name, element, or ion for each of the 24 points (numbered circles) on this diagram of the electron transport chain.    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.   20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Upload your answers to these questions. a.) Draw out the synthesis of the ketone body, acetoacetate, which forms in the liver under fasting conditions. It is formed in three steps.  (4 pts.) b) For the the last step in the synthesis of acetoacetate, include the arrow pushing mechanism for the reaction and identify which reaction in glycolysis it is parallel to. (3 pts.) c.) Draw out the reactions that converts acetoacetate into the other two ketone bodies. Show the structures the three ketone bodies and label each with an acceptable name.  (2 pts.) d.) Ketone bodies are exported from the liver and utilized as an energy source by the extra-hepatic tissues. The brain, which normally utilizes glucose as its energy source, can, under fasting conditions, partially convert to using ketone bodies over the course of a few days. Show how a molecule of the ketone body, 

Identify the eight following cofactors and coenzymes and, from the metabolic reactions we have encountered, name a reaction that requires the cofactor. Name or acceptable abbreviation is ok. (1 pt. each)   Name:                                      Rection:   c.         Name:                                     Reaction: d. By NEUROtiker – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1555660 Name:                                    Reaction:

Upload an image of your answer to this question. Both pyruvate decarboxylase (an enzyme associated with alcoholic fermentation) and one of the enzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E1) require thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).  In fact, the substrate goes through common carbanion intermediate in both of these enzymatic reactions. a. Outline the mechanism for the formation of this common resonance stabilized carbanion intermediate starting with pyruvate and show how this carbanion intermediate is resonance stabilized.  For TPP, you only have to show the structural part that is involved in the reaction (the business end of the cofactor).  (3 pts.) b). Beginning with the common stabilized carbanion anion intermediate, show how acetaldehyde is formed as the product of pyruvate decarboxylase in alcoholic fermentation and how a covalent S-acetyl dihydrolipoyl (the 2-C piece attached to the lipoic acid) intermediate is formed in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.  For TPP and lipoic acid, you only have to show the ring structural part that is involved in the reaction (the business end of the cofactor).  (3 pts.)