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All living things share certain characteristics. For example, all living things are composed of one or more [answer1]. They [answer2] autonomously using DNA. They also need to obtain [answer3] to support metabolism. All organisms can sense and respond to the [answer4]. Organisms are also capable of maintaining constant internal conditions, a process called [answer5]. Finally, all organisms [answer6] as groups.

In eukaryotes, cells divide by a process called [answer1] division. This process includes multiple distinct phases. In [answer2], the chromosomes condense, and the [answer3] envelope fragments into small pieces. Next, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, at the [answer4] plate. The mitotic spindle attaches to the chromosomes, at a special chromosomal structure called the [answer5]. The [answer6] chromatids separate during [answer7]. Finally, the chromosomes decondense during [answer8]. The cell itself physically divides during a process called [answer9]. During sexual reproduction, cells undergo a specialized type of cell division called [answer10].

Our understanding of genetics began with Gregor Mendel. Mendel established two laws of heredity. The law of [answer1] states that each individual contains two versions of each gene (alleles). These alleles separate during gamete formation, so that offspring receive one copy of each gene from one parent. Mendel’s law of [answer2] states that each gene separates independently of other genes. For a given gene, and individual can have two copies of the same allele – these individuals are [answer3]. Alternatively, they could have two different alleles, making them [answer4]. The phenotype that is observed in an individual with two different alleles is called the [answer5] phenotype, while the phenotype for the allele that is NOT observed is called the [answer6] phenotype.

A chart that shows genetic relationships among family members over two or more generations of a family’s medical history

Found solely on the X or Y chromosome

This type of RNA transports the correct amino acid to the ribosome

The process by which clones, offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, are generated.

The type of cell division employed by prokaryotes

A non-sex cell; all the cells in your body that are NOT gametes

A unique sequence of three mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid