Answer one question: 1. Briefly explain equipoise and why it…

Answer one question: 1. Briefly explain equipoise and why it matters for clinical trials. Evaluate the ethics of placebo-controlled trials to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in low-resource settings: present one argument from Lurie & Wolfe (against placebo) or Bagenda & Musoke-Mudido (for placebo), and one strong objection from the other side. Then defend your view: when, if ever, are placebo-controlled trials permissible where an effective but expensive therapy already exists?   2. Summarize one argument against harmful animal experimentation (for example, from Bentham or the argument from marginal cases) and one defense of it (for example, from Ringach or Kant). Then defend your position: do animals have sufficient moral status to make harmful experimentation on them morally wrong? Explain your reasoning clearly.

Answer one question: 1. Philosophers have defended both perm…

Answer one question: 1. Philosophers have defended both permissive and restrictive views on abortion.Summarize one argument in favor of abortion’s moral permissibility (for example, from Judith Jarvis Thomson or Michael Tooley) and one argument against it (for example, from Don Marquis or Patrick Lee and Robert George). Then defend your own position: under what conditions, if any, do you think abortion is morally permissible?   2. Summarize Rachels’s argument against the conventional doctrine (why Rachel thinks active euthanasia can be preferable and why killing vs. letting die is not morally significant). Present one strong objection from Callahan or the Catholic view. Then defend your own position: is there a real moral difference between active and passive euthanasia, and should physicians ever participate?