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Question 3: Define oncometabolite (1 pt). In the example that was explained in class, and widely known amongst cancer biologists, explain the mechanism of action of the oncometabolite that includes how it is produced (1 pt), what its direct effectors are (1 pt), and how it acts on these effectors to promote cancer development (2 pts).

Question 9: Design an experiment to assess genome-wide effects of H3K27M on histone methylation and gene expression in a solid tumor. Briefly outline methods, expected results, and interpretation.

Question 1: Explain the Warburg effect. Your answer should include the experiment & accompanying discovery that first described the phenomenon (2 pts), a basic modern-day working definition that includes the primary pathway(s) that (is/are) influenced (1 pt), a mention of its impact on/control of cellular bioenergetics (1 pt) and utility for current cancer diagnostic imaging (1 pt).

Question 8: Using DNMT3A or H3K27M as an example, explain why one epigenetic mutation can affect thousands of genes.

Question 4: Describe the basis for 131I therapy (5 pts). This should include which cancer(s) this can treat and how/why it is effective.

Which condition is a risk if a dermal puncture is performed too deep on an infant’s heel, puncturing the bone?

According to CLSI standards, a tourniquet should not be applied for longer than: 

For a patient on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), what is the difference between a Trough level and a Peak level specimen timing?

What is the maximum recommended depth for a heel puncture on an infant? 

Explain the difference between a Serum specimen and a Plasma specimen, including the role of the tube additive.