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True or False. One clinical application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is to monitor therapeutic response in cancer patients by testing circulating tumor DNA for cancer drug resistance.

True or False.  Imbalances or distinct changes to the composition of your microbiome is called dysbiosis.

True or False. Histone methylation is a post translational modification.

In theory, if a human had an ACE2 receptor mutation, what might be the impact on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity?  Select ALL that apply.

True or False. p53 can induce the expression of p21 which can play a role in regulating both major checkpoints within the cell cycle.

What would happen to the lac operon in the absence of lactose?  Select ALL that apply.

Which of the following is a source of antibiotic resistant Staph aureus?  Select ALL that apply.

Domestication resulted in humans moving to more areas of the world, but also resulted in isolation and reduced mixtures of human populations, and reduced genetic diversity in modern day humans. 

Histone acetyltransferases (HAT) are enzymes that result in the addition of acetyl groups to histone tails. This results in [1]. While histone deacetylases (HDAC) are enzymes that result in the removal of acetyl groups from the histone tails. Meanwhile DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) are enzymes that result in the addition of methyl groups to DNA. This results in [2]. Resveratrol, which is found in grapes (and subsequently red wine) is a known DNMT and HDAC inhibitor. This would result in [3] of genes. Alcohol, however, leads to hypermethylation of DNA, which would result in [4]. Additionally, epigenetic modifications can be used to silence genes or chromosomes for the entire life of an organism.

True or False. When Rb (or pRb) is bound to E2F, the cell is not able to transition from G1 to S phase.