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The reaction below is a condensation reaction. Complete the sentences

What trype of structure is shown below? Why is the ester bond connected to the alpha carbon?

Softwood lignin has more 5-5 bonds than hardwood lignin. Why is that? 

The lignin fragment below is an intermediate state during lignin radical polymerization.  a.) what is the name of the lignin bond that was formed here (THE BOND CONNECTION TWO FORMER MONOMERS) b.) this molecule is not stable, what would the next reaction step be if the only other material involved would be water

a.) What would the next reaction step be for this molecule ( alkaline conditions, no sulfur compounds present). b.) What would likely happen if this molecule would have a free phenolic OH on the aromat. c.) why ? 

Converting HB to MC equivalents yields (ceq, φeq) that are:

Failure plane in compression commonly trends at:

Explain how strain rate (ε ̇a), temperature, and moisture/saturation affect apparent E (Young’s modulus) and peak strength of intact rock, and what must be reported for fair comparison across tests.

Effective stress is preferred when pore pressure is relevant because:

Geological Strength Index (GSI) is assigned from: