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What are the different mechanisms/causes of valve disease? 

Heather is a 43 y.o., weighs 142 pounds (64.4kg) and is 5’5″ tall (1.65 m). She is a former one pack a day cigarette smoker having quit smoking two years ago. She has a sedentary job but sometimes takes a 15 minute walk at lunch time. Her father had coronary artery angioplasty when he was 61 y.o. Her resting blood pressure and heart rate are 132/84 mmHg and 78 bpm, respectively. Her lipid profile is total cholesterol of 194 mg/ml, LDL of 134 mg/dl and HDL of 45 mg/dl. Fasting glucose is 102 mg/dl. Her estimated VO2max is 27 ml/min/kg (10th percentile). Other fitness measures are 12 modified push-ups (nearly “good”), 14 partial curl-ups (nearly “good”) and 24 cm sit and reach score on box with 26 cm at foot line (“needs improvement”) Please answer the following: What are her # of risk factors, risk level and indications for physical clearance for exercise?

If a client begins to develop chest pain during a workout and says they have nitroglycerin, what would you do. Be specific about how you would assist them? 

Name 3 symptoms associated with mitral valve stenosis? 

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors ________. 

A common symptom of angina includes all of the following except _________. 

Which medication will dilate a vessel, allowing for better oxygen deliver to tissues?

____________ and _____________ are cardiac enzymes that are elevated after an MI. 

During exercise testing, MI patients may experience exertional hypotension suggesting a poor prognosis.  This is BEST defined as _________. 

You are conducting an exercise test on a 58 yo male with a history of hyperlipemia. Please describe two endpoints for the test, regardless of the fact he has not reached max HR or VO2.