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A) Explain (or give an example of) drug tolerance and drug sensitization (either behavioral or biological) following repeated drug use.  (3 pts each) B) Sensitization in the nervous system is thought to be the basis for drug abuse.  If people stop using drugs either voluntarily or involuntarily (e.g., going to prison) what does that period of time without drugs do to sensitization? (2 pts) C) What happens to tolerance if people stop using drugs? (2 pts)

What phase of mitosis is cell 5 in?

A) For each of the following behavioral methods briefly describe what aspect of drug use/abuse each models (2 pts each):     1) Conditioned Place Preference     2) Locomotor Activity     3) Self-Administration B) Choose one of the above behavioral approaches and provide a general description of the method (or alternatively, describe an example of an experiment using one of the methods). (3 pts) C) What was the most surprising piece of information you learned about drug abuse? (1 pt regardless of your answer!)

A) If a person suffers damage to their spinal cord on the RIGHT side of the body (and only the right side), would they lose pain sensation from the LEFT side, RIGHT side, or BOTH sides of the body for regions innvervated by nerves that enter the spinal cord at segments below the site of damage? (1 pt) B) What would happen to pain sensation for body areas innvervated by nerves that enter the spinal cord above the site of damage? (1 pt) C) Explain why a painful sensation in your left forearm could be an indication that you are experiencing a heart attack (this is called “referred pain”). (3 pts) D) Define the gate control theory of pain modulation and explain the neuronal mechanism by which this occurs in terms of what happens to pain spinal neurons. (5 pts)  

What phase of the cell cycle is cell 1 in?

A) What is hyperalgesia? (2 pts) B) What happens in the pain pathway to cause hyperalgesia? (2 pts) C) Explain, using the principles of Hebbian plasticity, how hyperalgesia can lead to chronic pain (2 pts) D) What is phantom limb pain? (2 pt) E) Name or describe the therapy that V.S. Ramachandran developed for treatment of phantom limb pain. (2 pt)

Please consider a bank with the following balance sheet: Assets Liabilities 8 year Treasury bond, $2000 face value, 2% annual coupon, 7% yield 1 year Certificate of Deposit (CD), $1000 face value, 4% annual coupon, 4% yield Equity $402.87   What is the modified duration of equity of this bank? 

A Treasury bond with a 4-year maturity, $1000 face value, and an annual 1 percent coupon is trading at a yield to maturity of 5%. The duration of this bond is 3.94. If interest rates were to decrease by 2 percent, please use the duration to approximate the percentage change in bond price. 

Use the following simplified bank balance sheet for Gourd Bank to answer the following two questions. Assume that the bank has no off-balance-sheet activities.    Assets Book Value Risk weight Cash + Reserves $10 0% Treasuries $50 0% Commercial Loans BB+ $80 100% Single Family Mortgages $100 50% Mortgage-Backed Securities $90 30% Commercial Loans CCC+ $60 150% Reserve for Loan Losses (-$10) N/A     Liabilities   Book Value Capital Type Deposits $370 – Common Stock $8 Tier 1 Retained Earnings $4 Tier 1 Subordinated Debt $8 Tier 2     Tier 2 capital component limits: Reserve for loan losses: maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets. Subordinated debt: maximum of 50% of Tier 1 capital.     Gourd Bank.xlsx

All of the following are benefits for firms that go public EXCEPT: