BONUS: Subjects observes a 3×12 matrix of letters (3 rows, 1…

BONUS: Subjects observes a 3×12 matrix of letters (3 rows, 12 columns) appearing for a brief period of time, and are then requested to report as many letters as they recall from a specific row of that matrix, according to a tone (the pitch of the tone entails which of the three rows needs to be reported). Which of the following is typically true:

A group of subjects hear a list of words read to them and ar…

A group of subjects hear a list of words read to them and are then required to report the last word in the list. Another group of subjects hear the same list of words, then hear a squeaking sound, and are only then required to report the last word in the list.  The second group performs worse. This is an example of: