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Elena suddenly feels her heart racing, chest tightening, and a wave of dizziness while grocery shopping — with no clear trigger. Terrified it will happen again, she has avoided grocery stores entirely for the past six weeks. What is Elena most likely experiencing?

Why do college students often overestimate how much the average student drinks, according to the lecture?

The mere-exposure effect only occurs when people consciously remember having seen the stimulus before.

Agoraphobia is best characterized by which of the following?

Sensitization occurs when an organism responds less strongly over time to a stimulus.

The Albert Bandura Bobo doll study found that children are very unlikely to model aggressive play behavior displayed by models. 

Feeling hungry when you smell a tasty meal cooking is an example of a:

A neutral stimulus is defined as a stimulus that elicits no response on its own before conditioning.

Libet’s (1985) research found that conscious awareness of a decision occurs before unconscious brain preparation begins.

In Pavlov’s experiment, food naturally causes a dog to salivate without any prior learning. Food in this case is the: