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A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the following structure What is the predicted size of the corresponding mature mRNA in base pairs (bp), excluding the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail?

Transcribe and translate the following DNA sequence (nontemplate strand): 5′-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3′

Protein synthesis uses a huge amount of a cell’s energy. What trade-offs might exist between efficiency, accuracy, and energy use in this process?

Discuss how degeneracy of the genetic code makes cells more robust to mutations.

Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis?Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis?Tetracycline would directly affect:tRNA binding to the ribosomeribosome assemblygrowth of the protein chainChloramphenicol would directly affecttRNA binding to the ribosomeribosome assemblygrowth of the protein chainTetracycline would directly affect:tRNA binding to the ribosomeribosome assemblygrowth of the protein chainChloramphenicol would directly affecttRNA binding to the ribosomeribosome assemblygrowth of the protein chain

Imagine if there were 200 commonly occurring amino acids instead of 20. Given what you know about the genetic code, what would be the shortest possible codon length? Explain.

How did the scientific community learn that DNA replication takes place in a semi-conservative fashion?

DNA replication is bidirectional and discontinuous; explain your understanding of those concepts.

 A frameshift mutation that results in the insertion of three nucleotides is often less deleterious than a mutation that results in the insertion of one nucleotide. Why?

In pea plants, round seed shape (R) is dominant to wrinkled seed shape (r) and yellow peas (Y) are dominant to green peas (y). What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for a cross between RrYY and rrYy pea plants? How many squares do you need to do a Punnett square analysis of this cross?