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Food is often preserved by the addition of salts and/or sugars or by drying (e.g., dried fruit, beef jerky, etc.) Similarly, many products (e.g., crackers, biscuits, cookies, chips etc.) have a long shelf life simply by being dry even if they may or may not have a high sugar or salt concentration. Please explain how these approaches work to prevent microbial growth on these food items. Be specific and use scientific terminology you have learned to explain the impact these approaches have on microorganisms.

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In later chapters on Kant, Sophie is encouraged to evaluate why Kant proposes that knowledge involves both sensory input and rational structure. Kant’s critical synthesis implies that:

When Sophie learns about the pre-Socratic natural philosophers, she is challenged to compare mythological versus rational explanations of the world. Which analytical conclusion best reflects this transition?

Toward the end of the novel, Sophie reflects on modern philosophical topics like Darwinism and existentialism. Evaluatively, how does Sophie reconcile existentialist emphasis on individual freedom with the novel’s earlier emphasis on systematic philosophical history?

When Sophie learns about Berkeley’s immaterialism, she is prompted to evaluate the nature of reality itself. What is the most challenging implication of Berkeley’s view Sophie would have to grapple with?

Sophie reads about Hume’s skepticism, especially regarding causality. Analyzing this, she sees that Hume would argue:

Through the metafictional twist—discovering they are characters in a story written by Albert Knag—Sophie and Alberto are forced to evaluate the nature of reality. Which philosophical implication best captures this twist?

In studying Socrates, Sophie must reconcile his claim that “he knew that he knew nothing” with her burgeoning philosophical education. What does this reveal about the epistemic stance of Socratic philosophy?