Patient H.M. had large portions of his medial temporal lobes…

Patient H.M. had large portions of his medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, surgically removed to treat severe epilepsy. Following his surgery, H.M. was able to gradually improve his performance on the star-tracing task across multiple days, even though he had no memory of ever practicing it before. This pattern best illustrates that H.M.’s __________ memory remained intact, while his ability to form new __________ memories was severely impaired.

Elena suddenly feels her heart racing, chest tightening, and…

Elena suddenly feels her heart racing, chest tightening, and a wave of dizziness while grocery shopping — with no clear trigger. Terrified it will happen again, she has avoided grocery stores entirely for the past six weeks. What is Elena most likely experiencing?