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What does ls -a add to that listing?

Is labs a file or a directory? How do you know?

Describe two materially different initial states of the directory/repository that would produce the same visible terminal output when this line runs, yet leave different filesystem or Git states afterward. Conclude in one sentence why watching the terminal alone cannot certify that the procedure succeeded.

State which message probe writes to standard output and which to standard error. Then justify this using at least two experiments, showing for each that it rules out the opposite assignment. (An experiment whose result would look the same under either assignment does not count as evidence.)

(a) Describe the relationship among C0, the engineer’s new commit, and C1 (which commit is the parent of which?).  (b) Explain why the push rejection protects the team’s history  and why it is not evidence that the engineer’s local commit failed.

Evaluate each of the two claims in Mina’s explanation. For each claim, identify the earliest point at which her reasoning goes wrong and explain your reasoning. 

Assume that your current working directory is /home/gator/projects/web. Resolve the relative path ../../music/./song.mp3 and enter the resulting absolute path in the box below.   Absolute Path:

Describe, in order, how the shell sets up the streams for a command before the program runs. Your description must be a single set of rules that correctly predicts all five rows. In particular, it must account for: why experiments 3 and 4 give different results even though both contain a > redirection and a 2>&1; and why, in experiment 5, ALERT appears on the terminal yet is not included in the count printed by wc -l.

The script greet.sh contains the single line echo Hello $NAME. A student runs: NAME=gator bash greet.sh The output is just Hello. Explain why $NAME was empty inside the script, and give the one command that makes the intended output appear.

What does the … indicate?