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A patient postoperatively is noted to be producing < 400 mL of urine daily. The patient's serum BUN to creatinine ratio is noted to be 32. Additionally, the patient's blood and urine testing reveal a reduced fractional excretion of sodium (FENa < 1%). Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's renal failure?

A patient you have treated for several years has a past medical history of Sjogren’s and repeated episodes of nephrolithiasis. She presents today with hematuria and states she thinks she passed a stone during the night. She denies any other complaints. You decide to order a UA and a BMP, which returns with a urine pH of 7.0, serum potassium level is 3.2 and hypercalcemic. What is the likely cause of her repeated nephrolithiasis?

A 66-year-old male is seen pre-operatively for clearance for his right total knee replacement. Pre-operative exam includes routine labs and UA. These show mild normocytic normochromic anemia, normal electrolytes, slight elevation in BUN and SCr, and a GFR of 54. Urine is positive for protein. Past medical history includes diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease. What stage is his chronic kidney disease currently?

Initial management of polycystic kidney disease includes treatment of hypertension, restricted salt intake and increased fluid intake. What other patient education should be included when counseling your patient?

Indications for dialysis include:

A 30-year-old female receives a spinal MRI due to back pain. She has no additional symptoms. Her past medical history, social history, and family history are all non-contributory. The results show an incidental finding of a single renal cyst. Which is the correct statement regarding the next step?

An 80-year-old female is diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). What are the most likely signs and symptoms in this patient?

Which set of dermatologic complaints is common in patients with chronic renal failure?

A 66-year-old female with a history of congestive heart failure presents to the ED with complaints of fatigue, nausea and vomiting. She reports she was out in the heat all day and has been sweating excessively. She has tried to drink fluids but has not been able to keep them down. She is concerned since she has not produced any urine for over 12 hours. Her SCr is 1.7 and her fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is

What is meant by the  term  conditionally essential amino acid?  Which two are often supplemented for athletes?