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Reports from the South African National TB Programme indicate a 10% reduction in new TB infections. Which of the following measures best captures this reduction ?

One of the following study designs has a limitation of participants failing to recall past events

The odds ratio is an expression of the likelihood of exposure among the group with the outcome and the group without the outcome  

Whilst both public health and population health concern improving healthcare, public health focusses on specific populations (SDOH)  

One of the following is a measure of central location

As a social determinant of health, human behavior is NOT considered a “downward“ factor  

In intervention studies investigators do NOT have control over assignment of the exposure to participants  

In a clinical trial involving a new drug believed to lower high blood pressure (HBP),researchers were enrolling participants only if they were female, aged between 40 and 65 years old. Which ethical principle was NOT upheld?   

The table below contains hypothetical data that were collected from a disease registry on community of 85,162 population. Study the table and carefully answer the questions that follow.  Age groupTB casesTB deathsPopulation (x 1,000)    MaleFemaleMaleFemale    

Gangs are a close-knit deliquent peer group. Pedro, 14 years old, joined the local gang. What did the gang not provide for him?