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Biofilms are often formed on artificial surfaces in the human body. During medical procedures, when artificial joints, intravenous catheters, urinary catheters are placed and injections are made, commensals/mutualists may be introduced into new sites in the body and there they may form biofilms.   Which statement below is NOT a reason to explain why such bacteria living in biofilms are so difficult to eliminate?

STUDENTS: Ignore this. It is not an actual question. Rather, it is a place for Independent Study staff to upload the essays of those who are taking this exam in paper format.   INSTRUCTOR: You should review the essays of students who took the exam on paper here, rather than in the questions above. However, you should put the score for each essay in the appropriate question above.

In “pyogenic inflammation”, which cells of the immune system predominate? a. macrophages b. lymphocytes c. red blood cells/erythrocytes d. neutrophils

What is the primary role of NADPH in photosynthesis?

Can symbiotic relationships change? For example, may a mutualistic microbe of your microbiome become a “parasite”/pathogen? 

Match the description to the specific type of transmission

Match the virulence factor/process/term to its description (some repetition to previous questions) Note: “pyro” refers to fire (think of temperature)

Can maternal antibodies  (IgG)  protective against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to a baby in utero?

Which event(s) does/do NOT happen in endotoxic shock/septic shock? a. vasodilation b. vessels become “leaky” c. hypotension/low blood pressure d. activation of clotting cascades, blood clots form, DIC, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation e. multiple organ system failure f. increased blood flow to organs g. shock h. death

What is Beyoncé’s middle name?