Author: Anonymous

Low levels of the adipose tissue satiety hormone called leptin have been observed in biologically female athletes with chronic negative energy balance. From an evolutionary standpoint, it’s possible these individuals may also experience what?

True or False? After spermatids become sperm, AKA spermatozoa, they are fully matured and prepared to fertilize an egg once they release into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules via spermiation.

True or False? Fats (triglycerides), at 4 kcals/gram, have less than half the amount of caloric energy content of proteins and carbs which are each at 9 kcals/gram.

Normal fasting blood glucose levels of healthy patients are approximately what?

True or False? Since we know hormones which are lipophilic, like the steroid hormones, are transported in the blood via carrier proteins, this means they must have much shorter half-lives than ones which dissolve in plasma, like the peptide hormones. Hint: think of an example of a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone and ask yourself which one remains in circulation longer before being broken down, recycled and/or excreted.

The following class of drugs (brand name of the most common is Viagra) were initially used to treat cardiovascular complications through vasodilation but a side effect led to their employment in erectile dysfunction, however, some patients, including females, may also be taking this medication, for example, to treat pulmonary hypertension, and thus need to be considered when administering nitroglycerin for angina pectoris during a suspected acute MI, given this medication can lead to excessive vasodilation.

When a clinician says a transplant or autoimmune patient in “on steroids”, they are usually referring to SAIDs that are mimetic analogs to (hint: we said they can cause psychosis over the long term on high doses):

True or False? Alterations in the populations of bacteria making up the gut microbiome are specifically associated with digestive diseases as no other clinical correlations to other organ systems have been made to date.

Per your clinical case question in the digestive lab, the utility of bile acid sequestrant drugs goes beyond treating bile acid diarrhea, and in fact preventing enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids with these drugs is also beneficial in treating high levels of blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia). Why?

Describe two differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.