Hard information (quantitative, verifiable data like credit…

Hard information (quantitative, verifiable data like credit scores and audited financial statements) benefits from economies of scale because it can be processed cheaply across millions of loans by algorithms, while soft information (qualitative, subjective data like borrower character) has scale diseconomies because it is difficult to transmit across organizational layers.

A community bank loan officer has personally known a local d…

A community bank loan officer has personally known a local dry cleaner’s owner for 15 years. The owner’s financial statements show marginal profitability, but the officer knows from personal observation that the owner lives modestly, has strong community ties, and has never missed a payment on prior loans. The officer approves a $200,000 expansion loan. This lending decision primarily relies on: