Author: Anonymous

A client with severe renal failure is started on hemodialysis. The nurse explains that blood passes along a selectively permeable membrane while dialysis fluid remains on the opposite side. Which process removes metabolic waste products from the blood?

A child is evaluated for weak, poorly mineralized bones. Dietary history reveals minimal intake of vitamin D–containing foods and limited sunlight exposure. Which disorder is most consistent with this deficiency?

A client is found confused after prolonged exposure to extreme heat. The skin is flushed and dry, and sweating has stopped despite a dangerously elevated body temperature. Which physiological change distinguishes heat stroke from heat exhaustion?

A client is rescued after prolonged exposure to cold weather. Assessment reveals a core temperature below 35°C, slowed thinking, poor coordination, and reduced heart and respiratory rates. Which nursing principle is most consistent with the treatment described in the chapter?

A severely malnourished client has marked weight loss, apathy, weakness, and increased susceptibility to infection. The client also has abdominal and lower-extremity edema. Which nutritional intervention best reflects the recommendation in the chapter?

A parent asks why newborn screening is performed when the infant appears healthy. The nurse explains that many metabolic disorders produce biochemical defects before obvious symptoms appear. What is the major benefit of early screening?

A client with recurrent kidney stones asks what factors can contribute to stone formation. The nurse reviews the chapter and explains that one important predisposing condition is concentrated urine. Which additional factor is noted?

A client reports increasing difficulty seeing at night and has a diet lacking vegetables and vitamin-rich foods. The nurse recognizes that vitamin A is necessary for synthesis of rhodopsin in the retina. Which manifestation is most consistent with vitamin A deficiency?

A client asks why dialysis fluid contains normal concentrations of many useful plasma solutes but lacks metabolic wastes. The nurse explains that this arrangement minimizes loss of needed substances while still clearing toxins. Which principle makes this possible?

A newborn screening test indicates phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents are taught that the infant cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine. Which dietary intervention is most appropriate according to the chapter?