Author: Anonymous

Scientists are studying the two primary vocalizations made by Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). The trill call consists of a series of medium-pitched notes given rapidly, while the whistle call consists of a single high-pitched note. The objective of the experiment is to determine the function of each vocalization. Recordings of the calls were played to four different groups of squirrels, and the response of each individual squirrel was documented. The responses are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Response of ground squirrels to recorded vocalizations Column 1 contains row headers for Groups A through D. The data presented in columns 2 through 9 represent the percentage of Squirrels responding. In columns 2 through 5, the data presents responses for the Trill Alarm Call. In columns 6 through 9, the data presents responses for the Whistle Alarm Call. For each type of Alarm Call, the following four response types are given: Crouching; Posting (standing on hind legs); Run to shelter; and Other or no response. There are 4 rows of data which are presented as follows. Row 1, Group A. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 12 percent. Posting, 65 percent. Run to shelter, 22 percent. Other, 1 percent. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 42 percent. Posting, 2 percent. Run to shelter, 51 percent. Other, 5 percent. Row 2, Group B. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 9 percent. Posting, 58 percent. Run to shelter, 31 percent. Other, 2 percent. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 38 percent. Posting, 0 percent. Run to shelter, 60 percent. Other, 2 percent. Row 3, Group C. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 15 percent. Posting, 64 percent. Run to shelter, 18 percent. Other, 3 percent. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 48 percent. Posting, 4 percent. Run to shelter, 44 percent. Other, 4 percent. Row 4, Group D. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 11 percent. Posting, 66 percent. Run to shelter, 21 percent. Other, 2 percent. Trill Alarm Call. Crouching, 1 percent. Posting, 1 percent. Run to shelter, 57 percent. Other, 1 percent. Which of the following correctly identifies the dependent variable and the independent variable for the experiment?

The horizontal axis is labeled Years of Study, and the numbers appearing on it, from left to right, are one through 22 in increments of 1. The left side of the vertical axis is labeled Proportion of Population Infected and the right side of the vertical axis is labeled Relative Population Size. The numbers appearing on each vertical axis, from bottom to top, are zero, zero point 2, zero point 4, zero point 6, zero point 8, and one point zero. Below the graph is a key indicating the solid line represents Proportion of Population Infected, and the dashed line represents Relative Population Size. A dashed line representing Relative Population Size begins on the vertical axis at one point zero and moves slightly down and to the right until about 8 years of study where it then moves more gradually down and to the right to approximately zero point six along the vertical axis at 11 years of study. The dashed line continues to the right through 14 years of study and then begins to move gradually up and to the right at 15 years of study. The line begins to move horizontally with a slight vertical increase at zero point nine along the vertical axis and at 19 years of study, until it ends at zero point nine eight along the vertical axis at 22 years of study. A solid line representing Proportion of Population Infected begins on the vertical axis at approximately zero point three eight and moves slightly up and to the right until about 8 years of study where it then moves more gradually up and to the right to approximately zero point seven eight along the vertical axis and 11 years of study. The solid line continues to the right with a slight vertical increase through 14 years of study and then begins to move gradually down and to the right at 15 years of study. The line begins to move horizontally with a slight vertical decrease right at zero point four two along the vertical axis and at 19 years of study, until it ends at zero point four along the vertical axis at 22 years of study. Chytridiomycosis is a potentially lethal fungal infection that adversely affects some frog populations. The incidence and severity of the fungal infection can vary over time. Which of the following statements best describes the changes in the frog population that are depicted in the model above?

In Darwinian terms, the fittest individuals of a species are those that

Table 1 shows a trend of increasing milk yield for cows. Part of the increase in milk production can be attributed to improved nutrition and health protocols for dairy cows. Table 1. Average milk production per cow (in kilograms per cow per year) Year Average Annual Milk Production (kg/cow) 1924 2,300 1937 2,300 1950 2,600 1963 3,400 1976 4,800 1989 6,400 2002 8,400 2015 10,000 Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the source of the rapid increase in milk production from 1976 to 2015?

The graph below illustrates a logistic growth curve for a population of Euglena. with x-axis labeled time in days from zero to twenty, and y-axis labeled population size in organisms per milliliter. The growth curve starts with a population just above zero at zero days and increases exponentially to three-hundred organisms per milliliter at day ten, then flattening out and remaining at three-hundred. There is a point labeled Q on the curve at day twenty. The population density at point Q indicates that

By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory chamber atmosphere that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Stanley Miller obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller was attempting to model early Earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller’s experiments best support which of the following hypotheses?

The graph below shows a model of population changes over time in a predator and its prey. The horizontal axis is labeled Time, with a right-facing arrow below the label. The vertical axis on the left is labeled Prey Population Size, and the vertical axis on the right is labeled Predator Population Size. Two lines appear on the graph. A solid line labeled Prey begins halfway up the left vertical axis. Moving from left to right, the solid line curves gradually up, reaches a maximum, then curves steeply down, and reaches a minimum, and then curves gradually back up. The line continues this pattern for 3 cycles, and ends one third of the way up the right vertical axis. A dashed line labeled Predator begins near the bottom of the left vertical axis, at a minimum, moves briefly to the right, and then curves steeply up, reaches a maximum below and to the right of the first Prey maximum point, then curves steeply down and to the right, and levels off before intersecting the horizontal axis, at a minimum, and then moves to the right, continuing this pattern for 3 cycles. The dashed line always remains below the solid line, and neither lines intersect the horizontal axis. Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey?

During the infection cycle for a typical retrovirus, such as HIV, which uses RNA as genetic material, the genetic variation in the resulting population of new virus particles is very high because of

mRNA Codons and Amino Acids mRNA Codons Amino Acids AGA arginine GGA glycine AGC serine GCA alanine CAG glutamine . . . . glutamine-glutamine-glutamine . . . . . . serine-serine-serine . . . Which of the following messenger RNA sequences could code for both of the two amino acid sequences above, simply by a shift in the reading frame?

All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT: