22. A child is frightened by a large dog who knocks her down…

22. A child is frightened by a large dog who knocks her down and steps all over her. Later she becomes fearful when encountering other large dogs, even though those dogs have never done anything to frighten the child. Which concept best describes this pattern?

42. Taylor is a 32-year-old woman who has experienced low mo…

42. Taylor is a 32-year-old woman who has experienced low mood, low energy, difficulty concentrating, low self-esteem, and hopelessness for most of the day on most days for three years. She has occasionally felt relatively well for a few weeks and has never experienced elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, or unusually increased activity. Which diagnosis best fits Taylor’s presentation?

9. Two people with depression receive different forms of psy…

9. Two people with depression receive different forms of psychotherapy. One receives CBT and the other psychodynamic therapy. Both report feeling understood, develop trust in their therapists, and become increasingly engaged in treatment. Which concept best explains why these features may contribute to improvement across different types of psychotherapy?

14. Two people report feeling sad after losing a close frien…

14. Two people report feeling sad after losing a close friend. Person A continues working, maintaining relationships, and participating in usual activities. Person B has stopped working, rarely leaves home, and reports severe distress that has persisted for months. Which factor is most important in distinguishing the two situations from the perspective of psychopathology?