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Map Reduce [2 points] (Answer True/False with Justification.  No credit without justification)  Increasing the number of reduce workers more than the number of final desired outputs improves parallelism and therefore improves runtime.

According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), U.S. consumers submitted more than 6.5 million fraud and identity theft reports in 2023, with over ___ million cases involving identity theft specifically.

RioVista The context for this question is the same as the previous question. A program using Vista and running on a system with the Rio file cache is trying to atomically update the variables foo and bar within a transaction, where both are within the specified data range. The initial value of each is set to TRUE. Within the transaction, foo is set to FALSE and later bar is set to FALSE. For each question, explain your choice using 1-2 succinct bullets. e) [2 points ] The system crashes just after the end_xact() has finished. Will the application begin its execution after the end of the transaction?

CDN [2 points] (Answer True/False with justification. No credit without justification.) In the Coral DSHT, if a node is “full” for a specific key, it will reject all subsequent store requests for that key to protect its resources, effectively stopping any new references from reaching nodes that are even closer to the key in the ID space.   

Map Reduce [2 points] The master keeps a scoreboard of workers assigned to map tasks with the intermediate results of the mappers stored at the respective mapper nodes. A new engineer proposes centralizing all intermediate results at the master “to simplify reducer fetches.”   Give ONE pro and ONE con of this proposal. 

RioVista The context for this question is the same as the previous question. A program using Vista and running on a system with the Rio file cache is trying to atomically update the variables foo and bar within a transaction, where both are within the specified data range. The initial value of each is set to TRUE. Within the transaction, foo is set to FALSE and later bar is set to FALSE. For each question, explain your choice using 1-2 succinct bullets. d) [2 points ] The system crashes just after setting the value of foo. It then crashes again during the recovery process. Does the second crash affect the contents of the persisted data after recovery?

CDN [2 points] Giant-scale services introduced the terms “yield” and “harvest” through the DQ principle.  A CDN that uses eventual consistency to keep the content of the mirror sites in sync is also an example of a giant-scale service. Explain with succinct bullets, how you can relate those terms to such a CDN?  

Under the Articles of Confederation, each state delegation at the National Congress

Which specific protein is responsible for the characteristic “tight attachment” of E. coli O157:H7 to the host’s intestinal mucosa?

Colonization resistance may involve “exploitative competition,” in which microbes compete for attachment to host cells.