A patient with a spinal cord injury is being evaluated for a…

A patient with a spinal cord injury is being evaluated for autonomic dysreflexia. Understanding the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is critical for anticipating medication side effects. Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

The perception of pain is the result of a complicated neurol…

The perception of pain is the result of a complicated neurologic pathway including transduction, transmission, and modulation of electrical signals. The stimulus of this complex pathway propagates from the peripheral nociceptors to the brain and is modulated by neurotransmitters. Due to the association of the limbic system with the pain-processing centers in the brain, there are four major psychological processes that directly impact pain perception. Which of the following is NOT one of the major psychological processes?

A patient with a right MCA stroke exhibits profound left-sid…

A patient with a right MCA stroke exhibits profound left-sided neglect, failing to dress the left side of their body and drawing all the numbers of a clock on the right side. They insist nothing is wrong. Why do right-hemisphere lesions produce more severe neglect syndromes than left-hemisphere lesions?

You are evaluating two patients with gait instability. Patie…

You are evaluating two patients with gait instability. Patient A worsens dramatically when eyes are closed (Romberg positive) and has absent Achilles reflexes. Patient B has equal instability with eyes open or closed and reports room-spinning vertigo. What are the most likely neurological impaired sites for Patient A and Patient B?