A patient with cervical cancer is being prepared for brachyt…
Questions
A pаtient with cervicаl cаncer is being prepared fоr brachytherapy. Which histоrical reference pоint is located approximately 2 cm superior and 2 cm lateral relative to the cervical canal/uterine tandem reference?
Celebrаting Humаnity A Celebrаtiоns, after the pattern оf Thоmas Alva Edison’s famous quote, often appear to be one percent inspiration and 99 percent preparation. People around the world take celebrating seriously, and many of them are willing to go to great effort and expense to plan and participate in public celebrations. B Exactly when and where human beings began coming together in public to celebrate as a group is unknown and unknowable. Logic suggests that the first public celebrations were related to the patterns of existence and probably spiritual. Chris Johns’ photograph of Makishi dancers in Zambia is a glimpse of a celebration little changed since prehistoric times. In hunter-gatherer societies, success in the never-ending search for food, clothing, and shelter must have triggered the need to celebrate together. C A hunt producing plenty of meat and skins, a good harvest, or the discovery of an easily defended place to live were all events that ensured a group’s survival and well-being. The earliest parades may have been processions of successful hunters returning to a joyful welcome by their thankful families. As civilizations developed, with agriculture, cities and towns, trade, social and political structures, organized religions, calendars, and record-keeping, such celebrations became more regular and formal and served a broader social purpose. D There are records of religious parades and processions dating back to 3000 B.C. Parades were also used to demonstrate military power and celebrate military victories; to attract customers to events such as the circus by giving the public a sample of the entertainment; or to celebrate ethnic affiliation and holidays. The New York Times of October 28, 1917, summed it up by saying, “If you take the parades out of history, you have precious little history left.” E Parades and other public celebrations have also become important economic events in many places around the world. At the Kansas State Fair in Hutchinson, where Joel Sartore’s photograph makes the carnival rides spin like neon tornadoes, or at the month-long Kumbh Mela festival in India, money is being made. F In some places, the commercial aspect has made us forget the original reason for the celebration. Carnival celebrations in Venice, Italy, date back to the late 13th century, when the Senate of the Venetian Republic declared a new public holiday. It was a festival on the day before the solemn six-week religious period known as Lent. The official celebrations were held in large, public spaces. The unofficial celebrations, which involved people in masks partying all over the city, grew in popularity over the next five centuries until the republic was conquered in 1797. After that, Carnival nearly disappeared for over a century. G In the current version of Carnival, hundreds of thousands of visitors attend the celebrations in Venice. Most of the city’s inhabitants avoid the official celebrations, as well as the unofficial ones in the city squares, canals, sidewalks, and bridges. They leave these areas to the crowds of tourists whose purchases of meals, lodgings, and Carnival masks bring great sums of money into the economy of the city and the region. H One cannot blame the tourists. They are attracted by Venice’s unique and undeniable magic. Sam Abell’s photograph captures both the commercial and traditional sides of Carnival. In it, two Carnival participants in costumes float like beautiful white ghosts in front of the Doge’s Palace, just ahead of a woman in a pink winter jacket, wearing a camera around her neck, who seems not at all impressed by the Carnival couple. I Religious celebrations take place year-round in mosques, synagogues, temples, cathedrals, churches, and homes all over the world. There are pilgrimages each year in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America. The Hajj, the pilgrimage to the city of Mecca made by Muslims, is the world’s largest annual pilgrimage, made by three million people each year. Reza’s photograph of thousands of people filling Mecca’s Al-Haram mosque gives a powerful sense of the extreme size and the constant motion of the Hajj. J Of course, many modern celebrations are not connected to any religion. In the Internet era, electronic communication makes it possible to organize celebrations almost instantly. “Flash mobs” are a new way of gathering and celebrating. Planned online, they bring together tens, hundreds, or thousands of individuals to perform some unusual or funny act in a public place. Flash mobs not only reflect the increased speed of communication but also a lighter attitude to celebration. No longer is public celebrating something necessarily linked to human survival, religion, or deep traditions. K This does not mean, however, that modern celebrations are not socially conscious. Photographers such as Szilard Koszticsak and Jason Edwards have managed to capture the commitment and passion of a celebration’s organizers and participants. One striking image evoking community spirit is Edwards’ photograph of crowds in Melbourne, Australia, gathering despite the rain for a music festival to raise funds for wildfire relief. L The level of civic engagement caught by Koszticsak and Edwards with their cameras is a reminder of the time and effort people around the world devote to celebrating, whether it is with family and friends at home or with tens of thousands of people crowded into a square or stadium. Throughout history, across countries and cultures, the experience of a heartfelt celebration is always worth the often significant amount of time and money spent planning, preparing, organizing, and carrying out an event. The priority given to celebrating seems to put it alongside food, shelter, love, and freedom as a fundamental need of humanity. Which of the following is NOT a type of celebration mentioned in the reading?
Cоllective Effervescence A If yоu’ve ever been tо а lаrge celebrаtion—a parade, a fair, or a religious pilgrimage—you might have noticed that the crowd had its own special energy. The French 19th-century sociologist Émile Durkheim coined a phrase for this: collective effervescence. He was convinced that the effervescence, or enthusiasm, of a crowd had a positive impact on individuals’ health. B Psychologists Stephen Reicher and Mark Levine of the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom have been studying the effects of crowds. Very socially connected people are less likely to die of heart disease and some cancers, and there’s some evidence that they are less vulnerable to age-related cognitive decline. They respond better to vaccinations. Their wounds may even heal faster. Could belonging to a crowd—at least the right sort of crowd—benefit an individual’s health in the same ways as more personal social connections do? C Reicher and Levine’s research is timely. For the first time in history, more than half the world’s population is urban, living in cities around the world. Despite the elevated levels of crime and pollution in cities, scientists talk about an “urban advantage” that inhabitants have when it comes to health. As the population of a city increases, the degree of social interaction in that city increases, too. This had positive effects in the creation of art, knowledge, and wealth. “There is a 10 to 15 percent extra benefit, on average,” says sociologist Dirk Helbing of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich. “So there is a strong social force driving us toward living together.” D Of course, there will be those who argue that cities and crowds are anything but healthy. The urban advantage only works if city officials are capable of keeping the city safe. For instance, people won’t be healthier if their drinking water is contaminated. And, undeniably, bad things happen in crowds. If the goal of a crowd is destruction, then destruction will occur. The urban riots in Britain in 2011, for example, were characterized by looting (robbing) and arson (illegal lighting of fires) and caused tremendous damage. E However, when Levine analyzed surveillance footage of alcohol-fueled conflict in public places in a British city, his conclusion was that bystanders, the people watching in a crowd, played an important role in whether a confrontation turned violent or not. In other words, bystanders can have a calming influence. They can dissuade others from violence. This finding was very different from previous research on the so-called bystander effect, which suggested that some people let go of individual responsibility in a crowd, and stand helpless as horrors unfold before their eyes. F The spirit of cooperation was present at a music festival in the United States in 1969 called Woodstock. Many more people came to the event than officials had anticipated would be there. In the words of one official at the event: “There are a...lot of us here. If we are going to make it, you had better remember that the guy next to you is your brother.” Fortunately, people at Woodstock took this advice, and the three-day festival is remembered as much for its peace, love, and harmony as for its mud, food shortages, and traffic jams. G In more advanced industrialized societies, the power of cooperation is often neglected, and we may be paying the price. In the United States, for example, life expectancy has not grown as fast as it has in other developed countries. One possible explanation, according to Lisa Berkman, a social epidemiologist at Harvard, is that Americans have become increasingly isolated socially. She points to evidence that the sense of community has decreased. “We’ve lost sight of the fact that we’re social animals,” she says. In other words, we need moments of collective effervescence. Crowds can aid our health, and our spirits. So the next time you’re in a crowded place, enjoy the experience. Your work as a bystander is important to us all. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of a crowd that has a positive effect?