A nurse is caring for a patient with a traumatic brain injur…

Questions

A nurse is cаring fоr а pаtient with a traumatic brain injury whо has an intracranial pressure (ICP) mоnitor in place. Which assessment finding would require immediate intervention?

SGLT-2 inhibitоrs imprоve heаrt fаilure symptоms primаrily by promoting:

Finаl Exаm (Grоup A) – FNAN 421 – Spring 2026 – D. Hоrstmeyer Nаme _____________ Student ID # The Hоnor Code is in effect. Total = 100 points. Show all relevant work on computational problems that are not multiple choice. Label each axis and line and point on graphs. Section 1: Multiple Choice (each question is worth 2 points) When the expected future cost of everything goes up, the demand for loanable funds shifts down (less demand). True False Which of the following would normally be expected to result in an increase in the supply of funds, all else equal?I. Income tax rates go up.II. Expected inflation increases.III. The Federal Reserve starts buying more Treasuries.A. II onlyB. III onlyC. II and III onlyD. I, II, and III Classify each of the following in terms of their effect on interest rates (increase or decrease):I. Investments become more risky across the boardII. The Federal Reserve increases the money supplyIII. Total household wealth increases A. I increases; II increases; III increasesB. I increases; II decreases; III decreasesC. I decreases; II increases; III increasesD. I decreases; II decreases; III increases The relationship between maturity and yield to maturity is called the . A. loan covenantB. term structureC. bond indentureD. Fisher effectE. DRP structure The higher the level of interest rates, the greater a bond's price sensitivity to interest rate changes. True False The duration of a bond decreases when the coupon rate goes , and the maturity goes _. A. up; upB. up; downC. down; upD. down; down The FOMC is the main monetary policy making body within the Federal Reserve System. True False The major asset on the Fed’s balance sheet by 2010 was (hint: think what were they buying up): A. U.S. Government Agency SecuritiesB. U.S. Short-term Treasury SecuritiesC. Gold D. Foreign Currencies The major liability of the Federal Reserve by 2010 is A. corporate debt.B. depository institution reserves.C. Federal Reserve bank stock.D. gold and foreign exchange. The primary policy tool used by the Fed to meet its monetary policy goals is: A. changing the discount rate.B. changing reserve requirements.C. devaluing the currency.D. changing bank regulations.E. open market operations. The fed funds rate is the rate that A. banks charge for loans to corporate customers.B. banks charge to lend foreign exchange to customers.C. the Federal Reserve charges on emergency loans to commercial banks.D. banks charge each other on loans of excess reserves. If the Fed wishes to slow down the economy it couldI. sell U.S. government securities.II. lower the discount rate.III. lower reserve requirements. A. I and III onlyB. II and III onlyC. I and II onlyD. I onlyE. I, II, and III The Fed changes reserve requirements from 10% to 9%, thereby creating $900 million in excess reserves. The total change in deposits (with no drains) would be A. $3,000 million.B. $15,625 million.C. $11,250 million.D. $10,000 million.E. none of the above. A decrease in reserve requirements will lead to an A. increase in bank lending.B. increase in the money supply.C. increase in the discount rate.D. both A and B.E. both A and C. A financial panic is possible in any situation where __, are financed by _, liabilities; and in which these depositors may lose confidence in the institutions they are financing. A. shorter-term, illiquid assets; long-term, liquidB. longer-term, illiquid assets; short-term, liquidC. shorter-term, liquid assets; short-term, liquidD. longer-term, liquid assets; long-term, illiquid One of the benefits of a currency tied to the gold standard is that it decreases the chance of a panic. True False The primary initial reason the Fed was created in 1913 was to: A. making sweeping changes to bank regulations.B. act as a lender of last resort.C. devalue the currency.D. maintain proper foreign exchange rates.E. institute some big open market operations. Fed funds are short-term unsecured loans while repos are short-term secured loans. True False Euro-dollars originate from the Soviets opening a bank in France and transacting in dollars for trade purposes.True False An 18 year T-Bond can be stripped into how many separate securities? A. 18B. 37C. 36D. 19E. 38 The writer of a put option _____. agrees to sell shares at a set price if the option holder desires agrees to buy shares at a set price if the option holder desires has the right to buy shares at a set price has the right to sell shares at a set price A call option gives its holder the right to _. A. buy the underlying asset at the exercise price and potentially profit from a price increaseB. buy the underlying asset at the exercise price and potentially profit from a price decreaseC. sell the underlying asset at the exercise price and potentially profit from a price decreaseD. sell the underlying asset at the exercise price and potentially profit from a price increase You purchase a put option for 5 dollars a share with a strike price of 100 (X=100). The price of the stock ends up at 96 dollars. Your profit is A. -500 dollars B. 500 dollarsC. -100 dollarsD. 100 dollars The following are all TRUE about options except which below (i.e. mark the one false statement). A. bid-ask spreads in the options market are high.B. options can be used for speculation and for hedging.C. should be part of every well balanced portfolio in a retirement account.D. the most you can lose on buying a call option is the option premium. The reason why MBS (bundles of mortgages) were so mispriced leading up to the crisis is because the unsystematic portion of risk (σe) turned out to be way bigger than the systematic portion of risk (σm), and thus combining them together didn’t reduce risk as expected. True False Acting as the Fed, it is always best to do capital injections (or emergency funding) for the exact bank that is failing (experiencing a run) and only that bank. True False The use of credit derivatives by banks was appealing to them for the following reasons:I. It was a way to remove and decrease their exposure to credit risk.II. It was an opaque, relatively unregulated market.III. The spreads that they earned were low (return on a CDS minus return on a T-Bill).IV. All of their net positions were balance sheet items (i.e. all transactions were on their balance sheet). A. II onlyB. I, III, and IV onlyC. I and III onlyD. I and II only Academics have argued that the Fed’s actions since 2008 have diminished any liquidity premiums which existed for securities.True False Mark the FALSE statement below: IBM is one of the original companies doing “shadow banking” (according to the podcast) PE lending was originally referred to as “shadow banking” back in the 90s/2000sC. Zero sum markets may not be gambling in some cases.D. Private credit is looking to acquire personal credit card debt. Hudson River generally does what to make money: High frequency/algorithmic trading to take advantage of short range momentum (under a day) High frequency/algorithmic trading to take advantage of mispricings over a 6 to 12 month period.C. Fundamental Analysis over the long run (2+ yr horizon for holding)D. Convexity trading over the long run (2+ yr horizon for holding) If PE truly believed their NAV was accurate, they would issue new shares right now in their own firms to take advantage of the big price difference (difference between price and NAV). TRUE FALSE Section 2: Short Answer (each question is worth 5 points unless otherwise noted) During financial panics, the Fed operates as a ________________________ From January 2008 to November 2008, name 4 specific things that the Fed did to satisfy such a goal and try to stabilize the banking sector/economy (i.e. think about the levers which the Fed has at their disposal to pull): Since late 2008, with T-bill rates near zero, the Fed decided to try _. Describe this process in general in a few short sentences. What does it entail and how is it different from the typical levers which the Fed pulls on: Some argue that the actions of the Fed since 2008 have been a net-zero type of transaction. In a few short sentences detail one argument that it is a net-zero type of transaction, and one counter-argument to this. Name two potential downsides (negative impacts it may have) or weakness (what it fails on) of the Dodd-Frank legislation (4 points). Stablecoins are a new form of money. Define what they are and what existing asset they most currently resemble. How do issuers of the coins make money (given the current legislation)? How can the Fed/Treasury affirm their ‘moneyness” (ie. tell the world that these are valid forms of US Dollars) if they are ever questioned as valid forms of money (ie. what would you do as a regulator to step in and validate them). Since 2008, the Fed has developed new tools to control interest rates and the money supply (outside of the 3 main ones it uses traditionally). Please detail one new tool it uses in the US (not QE), and one tool it uses for Dollars abroad and how exactly these work. (4 points) Proponents argue that HFT aids our markets by providing increased ______. What is one counter-argument to this claim? If we desire to thwart HFT, what is one legislative move that we can do to get them out of the market (i.e. not just banning them outright). Describe what this would do. Admati and Calomiris agree on some points about how risk gets built up in the banking system and disagree on other points. Detail one point on which they agree about risk in the banking system and one point on what they may disagree on banking. (4 points) Extra Credit (2 points): Explain the issue with Private credit in open end funds. How does the drag on NAV relate to incentives of the private credit fund and the industry as a whole. Extra Credit (2 points): Explain the “lemons problem” with respect to private credit getting into 401Ks and other retail investor portfolios. Extra Credit (2 points): Explain why the Fed Funds rate is a stale rate right now (i.e. why is it not a really active rate and where has most of the action gone in terms of a short term rate).