12. A physiciаn perfоrmed а surgery оn her pаtient’s right hand fоr a condition caused by prolonged and repeated typing movements causing carpal tunnel syndrome. During the surgery, the physician determined that her patient had been particularly susceptible to this condition due to a previously undiagnosed anatomical abnormality. The physician reasonably believed that this same abnormality was likely to exist in the patient’s left hand. Though the patient had not had any pain in the left hand, if a similar course of recurring movements were to occur in that hand, it would probably develop the same condition as the right hand and require surgery. The physician therefore decided to perform surgery on the patient’s left hand as well, although she had received his consent only to operate on the right hand. The surgery was performed with due care and was successful. In an action by the patient against the physician: