There аre FIVE questiоns frоm which yоu аre required to аnswer only TWO; any additional answers will not be marked. All questions are weighted equally, and worth a maximum of 100% each. There are 2 answer boxes below this box. Each answer box MUST be used to answer one of the questions you select. Please also remember to tell us which question you are answering. See the example below: 'This is my answer to Question 1...' Questions are as followed: Question 1: Answer both parts of the question below. a) Discuss the pathogenesis of aspergillosis with reference to relevant pathogenicity factors and clinical presentation (60%). b) Explain the diagnostic tests for laboratory identification of Aspergillus sp. including any health and safety considerations that should be made (40%). Question 2: Answer both parts of the question below. a) Describe the range of bacterial mechanisms of resistance against β-lactam antibiotics and explain in detail the activity and classification of the β-lactamase enzymes, using named examples. (70%) b) Discuss potential solutions to the clinical problems posed by β-lactamases and explain key limitations of these solutions. (30%) Question 3: Answer both parts of the question below. a) Explain why chemotherapy of tuberculosis is particularly challenging, describing the relevant features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell biology and infection. (50%) b) Discuss a typical UK first-line anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy regime, giving details of the drugs involved and their anti-mycobacterial mechanisms of action. (50%) Question 4: Compare and contrast a typical urinary tract infection (UTI) and a typical sexually transmitted infection (STI), focussing on the following aspects. a) Pathogenesis and pathogenicity factors (50%) b) Diagnostic methods (50%) Question 5: Discuss the current uses and future potential for DNA sequencing (e.g. of PCR amplicons or whole genomes) in medical microbiology. Your answer should address both clinical / diagnostic and epidemiological applications. (100%)