Explain why it is important that blood is buffered. In your…

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Explаin why it is impоrtаnt thаt blооd is buffered. In your explanation, indicate what would happen if blood was not buffered. 

InstructiоnsReаd eаch questiоn cаrefully.Answer each questiоn by bubbling your answer on the Scantron answer sheet.After you have finished answering all questions, select TRUE.Click Finish Attempt at the bottom of the page.On the next page, click Submit All and Finish.If a confirmation message appears, click Submit All and Finish again to complete your submission.Once your assessment has been submitted successfully, notify your proctor that you are finished. Please wait for the proctor's instructions before proceeding to the next step.Chapter 17 Key/Version B____     1.   Which therapy most strongly supports the need for central venous access rather than routine peripheral access? a. Single dose of an isotonic solution c. Short-term peripheral hydration b. Brief administration of routine saline d. Long-term parenteral nutrition       ____     2.   Which physiologic system provides the fastest initial defense against a sudden increase in hydrogen ion concentration? a. Renal excretion c. Aldosterone secretion b. Chemical buffer systems d. Gastrointestinal absorption     ____     3.   Which treatment should the nurse associate with temporarily shifting potassium from extracellular fluid into cells during hyperkalemia? a. Regular insulin with dextrose c. Calcium gluconate alone b. Potassium chloride infusion d. Potassium-containing nutrition     ____     4.     Which vascular access device should the nurse associate with central venous therapy inserted through a peripheral vein for extended treatment? a. Short peripheral IV catheter c. Intraosseous access device b. Peripherally inserted central catheter d. Nontunneled femoral catheter     ____     5.   Which force should the nurse associate with movement of fluid from the arterial end of a capillary into the interstitial space?   a. Capillary hydrostatic pressure c. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure b. Plasma oncotic pressure d. Intracellular osmotic pressure     ____     6.   What mechanism maintains the normal difference between intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium concentrations? a. Facilitated diffusion c. Active transport b.  Simple diffusion d. Osmosis     ____     7.   Which cardiovascular finding should the nurse associate most strongly with extracellular fluid volume excess? a. Bounding pulse with jugular venous distention c. Tachycardia with postural hypotension b. Weak pulse with decreased CVP d. Thready pulse with decreased BP     ____     8.   Which therapeutic effect should the nurse associate with administration of a colloid solution such as albumin? a. Decreased intravascular volume c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure b. Decreased plasma protein concentration d. Increased intracellular potassium     ____     9.   Which IV solution should the nurse recognize as appropriate for expanding intravascular volume while replacing extracellular fluid losses? a. Lactated Ringer’s solution c. Sterile water b. Hypotonic free-water solution d. Concentrated dextrose     ____   10.   What respiratory adjustment contributes to compensation when metabolic acidosis develops? a. Increased CO2 elimination c. Decreased respiratory rate b. Decreased tidal volume d. Increased CO2 retention     ____   11.   Which gastrointestinal alteration should the nurse associate with significant hypokalemia? a. Increased smooth-muscle contraction c. Decreased motility with ileus b. Increased intestinal secretion d. Hyperactive bowel sounds     ____   12.   What fluid compartment is directly increased when water moves from the extracellular space into body cells? a. Interstitial fluid c. Intracellular fluid b. Transcellular fluid d. Intravascular fluid     ____   13.   Which electrolyte should receive primary consideration when evaluating the cation composition of extracellular fluid? a. Magnesium c. Phosphate b. Sodium d. Potassium     ____   14.   Which acid-base imbalance should the nurse associate with severe diarrhea and substantial bicarbonate loss? a. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis d. Metabolic alkalosis     ____   15.   What cellular effect should the nurse expect when extracellular fluid becomes hypotonic relative to intracellular fluid? a. Potassium moves outward without changing cell volume. c. Water moves into the cells, causing swelling. b. Water moves out of the cells, causing shrinking.   d. Sodium moves into the cells, causing dehydration.     ____   16.   Which manifestation should the nurse associate with alkalosis-related reduction in ionized calcium? a. Decreased nerve excitability c. Tingling and muscle cramping b. Profound muscle relaxation d. Absent neuromuscular response     ____   17.   Which ECG finding should the nurse recognize as an important early manifestation of hyperkalemia? a. Flattened T waves c. Peaked P waves b. Tall, peaked T waves d. Prominent U waves     ____   18.   What intervention should the nurse anticipate when hypocalcemia produces tetany and significant ECG changes? a. Increase phosphate-containing foods. c. Administer a loop diuretic immediately. b. Administer IV calcium gluconate. d. Restrict dietary calcium intake.     ____   19.   What safety measure is essential when administering potassium chloride intravenously? a. Add the medication directly to a hanging bag. c. Administer the medication as an IV bolus. b. Give the medication as a slow IV push. d. Dilute and administer using an infusion pump.     ____   20.     Which condition should the nurse recognize as a common cause of metabolic alkalosis? a. Prolonged gastric suction c. Diabetic ketoacidosis b. Severe tissue hypoperfusion d. Severe diarrhea     ____   21.   Which cellular change should the nurse associate with hypernatremia?   a. Cellular swelling from water gain c. Cellular expansion from potassium retention b. Cellular edema from sodium loss d. Cellular shrinkage from water loss     ____   22.   Which neuromuscular response should the nurse associate with hypocalcemia? a. Generalized muscle relaxation c. Reduced tendon reflexes b. Decreased nerve excitability d. Tetany and muscle spasms     ____   23.   Which physiologic alteration produces respiratory acidosis? a. Excessive carbon dioxide elimination c. Hydrogen ion loss from gastric secretions b. Carbon dioxide retention from hypoventilation d. Excess bicarbonate excretion     ____   24.   Which assessment finding most strongly supports hypomagnesemia rather than hypermagnesemia? a. Lethargy with hypotension c. Decreased tendon reflexes   b. Respiratory muscle paralysis d. Tremors with hyperreflexia       ____   25.   Which physiologic relationship should guide the nurse when evaluating simultaneous changes in serum calcium and phosphate levels? a. The levels generally have a reciprocal relationship. c. Calcium changes independently of phosphate. b. Both levels normally increase together. d. Phosphate rises only when calcium rises.     ____   26.   Which condition places a patient at greatest risk for developing hyperphosphatemia because of impaired phosphate elimination? a. Prolonged malnutrition c. Chronic diarrhea b. Hyperventilation d. Renal failure     ____   27.   Which neurologic complication requires greatest attention when serum sodium decreases rapidly to a severely low level? a. Decreased cerebral perfusion c. Cerebral cellular edema b. Skeletal muscle dehydration d. Peripheral nerve dehydration     ____   28.   What intervention should the nurse prioritize to reduce injury risk associated with fluid volume deficit? a. Elevate edematous extremities. c. Implement fall precautions. b. Encourage sodium restriction. d. Restrict oral fluid intake.     ____   29.   Which treatment should the nurse anticipate for symptomatic hypermagnesemia when cardiac and neuromuscular effects are present? a. Oral magnesium supplement c. IV potassium chloride b. IV sodium phosphate d. IV calcium gluconate     ____   30.   What intervention should the nurse anticipate for mild hyponatremia caused primarily by excessive water retention?   a. Rapid isotonic fluid infusion c. Increased oral free water b. Increased dietary potassium d. Fluid restriction     ____   31.    Which finding should the nurse associate most strongly with increasing hypermagnesemia? a. Increased neuromuscular excitability c. Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes b. Decreased deep tendon reflexes d. Positive Trousseau sign     ____   32.   Which complication should receive priority consideration when severe hypophosphatemia impairs cellular ATP production? a. Increased bone mineralization c. Increased intestinal motility b. Respiratory muscle weakness d. Enhanced cardiac contractility     ____   33.   Which body fluid should the nurse classify as part of the extracellular fluid compartment? a. Interstitial fluid c. Mitochondrial fluid b. Intracellular water d. Cytoplasmic fluid     ____   34.   What complication requires consistent prevention and surveillance during the nursing management of a central venous access device? a. Systemic infection c. Sodium depletion b. Increased urine concentration d. Intracellular dehydration     ____   35.   Which physiologic alteration produces respiratory alkalosis? a. Carbon dioxide retention c. Decreased bicarbonate concentration b. Excessive carbon dioxide elimination d. Increased carbonic acid concentration     ____   36.   Which assessment finding provides the most reliable measurement for evaluating changes in extracellular fluid volume over consecutive days? a. Daily body weight c. Blood pressure b. Skin turgor d. Urine specific gravity     ____   37.   Which breathing pattern should the nurse associate with respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis? a. Irregular apneic respirations c. Decreased respiratory effort b. Slow, shallow respirations d. Deep, rapid respirations     ____   38.   What renal response contributes to compensation for respiratory acidosis? a. Increased bicarbonate conservation and hydrogen ion secretion c. Increased carbon dioxide excretion b. Increased bicarbonate excretion d. Decreased hydrogen ion secretion     ____   39.   What treatment should the nurse associate with mild phosphate deficiency when oral intake is appropriate? a. Restrict all phosphate-containing foods. c. Increase magnesium-containing antacids. b. Increase dietary dairy products. d. Administer phosphate-binding medications.     ____   40.   What major complication should the nurse monitor for when administering hypertonic saline? a. Reduced intravascular volume c. Volume overload and pulmonary edema b. Severe cellular swelling from hypotonicity d. Immediate potassium depletion

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