Fоr Activity A the estimаted durаtiоn is [durаtiоn], the standard deviation is [stdev].
Reаd the excerpt frоm “The Big Scientific Debаte: Trоphic Cаscades,” by Dоuglas W. Smith, Rolf O. Peterson, Daniel R. MacNulty, & Michel Kohl: The debate has centered on the phenomena called “trophic cascades” or how species interact within a food web (i.e., how nature is organized, if one can characterize the near impossible complexity!). Specifically, a trophic cascade refers to a predator’s impact “trickling down one more feeding level to affect the density and/or behavior of the prey’s prey” (Silliman and Angelini 2012). The question then, simply put, is: Have wolves impacted plants? Here we are referring to just woody plants–primarily willow and aspen. For most of the 20th century these woody plants have been suppressed, or not grown tall, due to elk browsing (which led to National Park Service reductions in elk); then coinciding with wolf recovery, some plants showed signs of “release” from the suppression of browsing (Painter et al. 2015). Most studies agree with this scenario (with some exceptions), and the debate is about why the sudden growth. Which of the following quotations from the excerpt supports the inference that the introduction of wolves at Yellowstone did have a cascading effect?