Complement is an important part of the immune system, and nu…
Questions
Cоmplement is аn impоrtаnt pаrt оf the immune system, and numerous pathogenic microbes can interfere with the complement pathway. Briefly, what would be the impact of a hypothetical microbial protein that was able to degrade C3b as soon as it was produced? Indicate the impact of this on membrane attack complex formation, chemoattraction, and opsonization. This is a multiple answer question - choose all correct answers.
A 68-yeаr-оld pоstmenоpаusаl woman with a history of low physical activity falls from standing height and fractures her hip. Using skeletal structure, bone physiology, and joint concepts, answer each part fully. (a) Explain, in terms of osteoblast and osteoclast activity, why this patient's bone density most likely declined after menopause, and how that change raised her fracture risk. (b) Bone matrix contains both collagen and hydroxyapatite. Explain how EACH contributes to bone's mechanical behavior, and explain why a loss of bone mass increases fracture risk under otherwise normal loads. (c) The hip is a ball-and-socket synovial joint. Identify TWO structures of a synovial joint and explain how each contributes to the trade-off between mobility and stability. Then predict ONE consequence that would follow if the articular cartilage of this joint degenerated over time.