K/K+ E0 = −2.93 V Br−/Br2 E0 = +1.07 V I−/I2 E0 = +0.54 V Whаt prоducts аre оbtаined predоminantly in the electrolysis of a molten mixture of KI and KBr?
PASSAGE 2: Reаd this pаssаge tо answer questiоns 7-14 Hair: Why Dо We Care? [A] It is estimated that the average woman in America usually goes through over 100 different hairstyles during her adult life. There are many women who will proudly claim that they have had hair of various lengths, styles, and colors. Although men are not thought to make alterations as frequently as women, some men do make dramatic changes to their hairstyles at key moments in their lives. These facts lead to a crucial question: What is it that makes people change their hairstyles? To answer this, we must turn to the discipline of psychology. [B] The first reason that psychologists provide is fairly straightforward. The way our hair looks is directly associated with our age. For most people, aging causes some degree of anxiety. Hiding the fact that we are getting older can thus help to relieve this stress. For men who are gradually losing their hair, a new hairstyle can help cover a noticeable bald spot. For women, a new color can cover up the appearance of gray hairs. In short, changes to hairstyle can go a long way in maintaining an individual's appearance of youthfulness. [C] According to psychologists, a second common reason why people change their hair is because an attractive hairstyle is a great way to make a first impression. Since it frames our face, our hair is one of the physical features most clearly remembered after meeting someone for the first time. Interestingly, it is even more noticeable than other common elements of our appearance. When we walk into a room with a new haircut and a new pair of jeans, it is common for most people in the room to notice the former rather than the latter. For this reason, it is no real surprise that people often go to the hair salon before a job interview or their first day at a new company or school. [D] The desire to demonstrate control over our lives is the third main reason that psychologists provide. Studies show that men and women often change their hairstyles during a period of personal difficulty. Although this sometimes occurs after the loss of a job or relocation to a new city or country, the most common situation is after a breakup.1 By changing our hairstyles, we provide evidence to both ourselves and the world around us that we are in control of our lives. As Amy Lewis explains, changing hairstyles can be "empowering, especially when you feel like other aspects of your life are out of control." [E] The reason why hair is often chosen to demonstrate self-control is because it is one of the easiest things to change. Paying for a new hairstyle, after all, is much cheaper than buying a whole new wardrobe2 and much less permanent than getting a tattoo. Furthermore, our hair is an extremely visual, and thus noticeable, aspect of ourselves. [F] With this information in mind, the next time you visit your hairstylist, you should ask yourself: What is my real motivation for changing my hair? 1 A breakup is when a romantic relationship ends between two people. 2 A wardrobe is all the clothes that someone has. DIRECTIONS: Read the passage. Choose the main idea for the paragraph. Paragraph D
PASSAGE 2: Reаd this pаssаge tо answer questiоns 7-14 Hair: Why Dо We Care? [A] It is estimated that the average woman in America usually goes through over 100 different hairstyles during her adult life. There are many women who will proudly claim that they have had hair of various lengths, styles, and colors. Although men are not thought to make alterations as frequently as women, some men do make dramatic changes to their hairstyles at key moments in their lives. These facts lead to a crucial question: What is it that makes people change their hairstyles? To answer this, we must turn to the discipline of psychology. [B] The first reason that psychologists provide is fairly straightforward. The way our hair looks is directly associated with our age. For most people, aging causes some degree of anxiety. Hiding the fact that we are getting older can thus help to relieve this stress. For men who are gradually losing their hair, a new hairstyle can help cover a noticeable bald spot. For women, a new color can cover up the appearance of gray hairs. In short, changes to hairstyle can go a long way in maintaining an individual's appearance of youthfulness. [C] According to psychologists, a second common reason why people change their hair is because an attractive hairstyle is a great way to make a first impression. Since it frames our face, our hair is one of the physical features most clearly remembered after meeting someone for the first time. Interestingly, it is even more noticeable than other common elements of our appearance. When we walk into a room with a new haircut and a new pair of jeans, it is common for most people in the room to notice the former rather than the latter. For this reason, it is no real surprise that people often go to the hair salon before a job interview or their first day at a new company or school. [D] The desire to demonstrate control over our lives is the third main reason that psychologists provide. Studies show that men and women often change their hairstyles during a period of personal difficulty. Although this sometimes occurs after the loss of a job or relocation to a new city or country, the most common situation is after a breakup.1 By changing our hairstyles, we provide evidence to both ourselves and the world around us that we are in control of our lives. As Amy Lewis explains, changing hairstyles can be "empowering, especially when you feel like other aspects of your life are out of control." [E] The reason why hair is often chosen to demonstrate self-control is because it is one of the easiest things to change. Paying for a new hairstyle, after all, is much cheaper than buying a whole new wardrobe2 and much less permanent than getting a tattoo. Furthermore, our hair is an extremely visual, and thus noticeable, aspect of ourselves. [F] With this information in mind, the next time you visit your hairstylist, you should ask yourself: What is my real motivation for changing my hair? 1 A breakup is when a romantic relationship ends between two people. 2 A wardrobe is all the clothes that someone has. DIRECTIONS: Read the passage. Choose the main idea for the paragraph. Paragraph C
PASSAGE 1: Reаd this pаssаge tо answer questiоns 2-6 Skin: The Bоdy's Canvas [A] If you could take off your skin and lay it flat, it would cover an area of about 1.9 square meters. Skin is, by far, the body's largest organ. Covering almost the entire body, skin protects us from a variety of external forces. For example, it protects us from extremes of temperature, damaging sunlight, harmful chemicals, and dangerous infections. Skin is also packed with nerves, which keeps the brain in touch with the outside world. The health of our skin and its ability to perform its protective functions are crucial to our well-being. However, the appearance of our skin is equally - if not more - important to many people on this planet. [B] Take skin color, for example. Your genes determine your skin's color, but for centuries, humans have tried to lighten or darken their skin in an attempt to be more attractive. In the 1800s, white skin was desirable for many Europeans. Skin this color meant that its owner was a member of the upper class and did not have to work in the sun. Among darker-skinned people in some parts of the world, products used to lighten skin are still popular today. During the 20th century, attitudes toward light skin shifted in the opposite direction in other cultures, as cities grew and work moved indoors. Tanned skin began to indicate leisure time and health. In many places today, tanning on the beach or in a salon remains popular, even though people are more aware of the dangers of UV rays. Identity and Status [C] Just as people have altered their skin's color to denote wealth and beauty, so too have cultures around the globe marked their skin to indicate cultural identity or community status. Tattooing, for example, has been carried out for thousands of years. Leaders in places including ancient Egypt, Britain, and Peru wore tattoos to mark their status, or their bravery. Today, among the Maori people of New Zealand as well as in cultures in Samoa, Tahiti, and Borneo, full-facial tattoos are still used to identify the wearer as a member of a certain family. These tattoos can also symbolize the person's achievements in life. [D] In Japan, tattooing has been practiced for thousands of years, but was outlawed in the 19th century. Although there are no laws against it today, tattoos are still strongly associated with criminals - particularly the yakuza, or the Japanese mafia, who are known for their full-body tattoos. The complex design of a yakuza member's tattoo usually includes symbols of character traits that the wearer wants to have. The process of getting a full-body tattoo is both slow and painful and can take two years or more to complete. [E] In some cultures, scarring - a marking caused by cutting or burning the skin - is practiced, usually among people who have darker skin on which a tattoo would be difficult to see. For many men in West Africa, for instance, scarring is a rite of passage - an act that symbolizes that a male has matured from a child into an adult. In Australia, among some native peoples, cuts are made on the skin of both men and women when they reach age 16 or 17. Without these, they were traditionally not permitted to trade, sing ceremonial songs, or participate in other activities. [F] Not all skin markings are permanent, though. In countries such as Morocco and India, women decorate their skin with colorful henna designs for celebrations such as weddings and important religious holidays. The henna coloring, which comes from a plant, fades and disappears over time. [G] In recent years in many industrialized nations, tattooing, henna body art, and, to a lesser degree, scarring have been gaining in popularity. What makes these practices appealing to those living in modern cities? According to photographer Chris Rainier, whose book Ancient Marks examines body markings around the globe, people are looking for a connection with the traditional world. "There is a whole sector of modern society - people in search of identity, people in search of meaning ...," says Rainier. "Hence, [there has been] a huge explosion of tattooing and body marking." Rainier reasons that it's "mankind wanting identity, wanting a sense of place ... and a sense of culture within their community." QUESTION: In paragraph E, what is a rite of passage?
Type оf Evidence - INSTRUCTIONS: Reаd the pаrаgaph belоw, and then match each example with the cоrrect type of evidence. Choose the best answer. How frequent are hacks? Just in the United States, private and government targets are hit with hundreds of hacking attempts every single hour! Cyberattackers have been able to breach the State Department, the Pentagon, and even the White House! They have stolen information from an estimated 500,000 Americans in their attacks on banks and technology companies. These criminals have the potential to target every single aspect of our lives that involves the Internet. Imagine if they suddenly applied the brakes in a smart car or took over an airplane’s technology system! If they hacked an electric grid, like they attempted to do more than 79 times in 2014, the results would be nightmarish. Tony Lawrence, chief executive officer of cybersecurity firm VOR Technology, describes it by saying it would be like having someone shut down the power to New York’s traffic grid during rush hour. Just in the United States, private and government targets are hit with hundreds of hacking attempts every single hour! [1] These criminals have the potential to target every single aspect of our lives that involves the Internet. [2] Imagine if they suddenly applied the brakes in a smart car or took over an airplane’s technology system! If they hacked an electric grid, like they have attempted to do in the past, the results would be nightmarish. [3] Tony Lawrence, chief executive officer of cybersecurity firm VOR Technology, describes it by saying it would be like having someone shut down the power to New York’s traffic grid during rush hour. [4]