Which of the following agencies and educational program acce…
Questions
Which оf the fоllоwing аgencies аnd educаtional program accepts "HeartSaver CPR/AED" certification from the American Heart Association in order to qualify for EMT certification?
Thоrоughly discuss the stаte оf science (i.e., whаt is scientificаlly known and what needs to be uncovered) on the following 5 factors in people with intellectual disability (ID). Include discussions of levels, patterns, causes, and consequences for each factor. Health Physical fitness Functional performance Physical activity Sedentary behavior Feedback from Dr. Stamatis I would like you to re-work this answer because, in essence, this is the field you are entering and you need to have deep knowledge and clarity in these areas.My recommendation is to use the 5 factors as headings:HealthPhysical fitnessFunctional performancePhysical activitySedentary behavior And perhaps include subheadings within each section:Levels and PatternsCausesConsequencesResearch gaps Of course, you will not find data on everything, but these gaps could be identified at the end. With respect to general physical activity and health, look into the work of Hilgenkamp (we reviewed a paper on mortality in my class and she has published a lot more).Also look into the work of Fernhall, and Oviedo. Also, we have published in our lab work on physical activity, functional performance, and sedentary behavior (Ballenger, Choi, Xu, Gosh, and more).Finally, for physical Fitness: remember here that physical fitness has several components including aerobic, muscular, body composition, flexibility, balance. Your previous answer: Your Answer: Overall health profile of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been well documented through qualitative and mixed method research designs. Evidence shows that individuals with ID have increased levels of chronic conditions, low physical fitness, and low functional capacity. Furthermore, people with intellectual disabilities have poor cardiovascular health, low muscular strength, metabolic disorders, and declining bone health. Most importantly, these health issues are not the direct cause of the intellectual disability rather the result of low physical activity levels, and increased sedentary behavior (Bossink 2017). Individuals with ID have poor overall health in comparison with general population. Individuals with ID are more likely to develop chronic health conditions like cardiovascular issues, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal pathologies. These conditions are not directly caused by the primarily diagnosed intellectual disability rather these difficulties arise form a plethora of other contextual factors including individual behavior and demographical factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background. The prevalence of chronic conditions increases with age in individuals with ID in comparison with people wihtout ID. Moreover, individuals with ID are also more likely to develop secondary health conditions like obesity and mental health disorders (Dairo et al., 2016). It is important to identify that the lack of PA is caused by environmental, structual, and social constraints rather than the disability itself (WHO 2011). Individuals with ID have poor cardiovascular health and low physical fitness as compared to people without ID. This has direct implications for their health and functional capacity. Low physical fitness has been identified as a factor that constrains participation in PA (Obrusnikovna & Miccinello 2017). This lack of PA causes further decline in physical fitness levels thus starting a viscious cycle of even lower PA and worsening physical fitness profile. Poor cardiovascular health puts this population at a higher risk of developing other chronic conditions like metanbolic disorders, diabetes, even obesity. These health conditions further constrain the ability to participate in PA for people with ID. People with ID also have low muscular endrance and physical fitness levels. This has direct implications for functional performance for example walking endurance, climbing stairs, and independently performing activities of daily living. Lack of independence for daily activities can not only impact physical health but also mental health in this population. People with ID have been reported to be at a higher risk of developing mental health disorders like depression and anxiety and are more likely to suffer through bad mental health and stress. These functional performance components can be improved by engaging in sustained physical activity. Research has shown that even a short duration, 6-weeks long virtual dance program for people with ID resulted in improved cardiovascular health (Ayer et al., 2024). Adapted PA interventions like dance programs offered for 10-weeks resulted in improvement in functional performance outcomes like walking endurance. There is empirical evidence that sustained engagement in PA can prevent health complications caused by sedentary behavior and improve overall health in individuals with ID. Despite evident benefits of PA individuals with ID have low physical activity levels compared to general population. Over half of the population with ID does not meet the physical activity guidelines. Moreover, the physical activity levels decline with age and are associated with an increase in chronic conditons in this population. Also, individuals with ID engage in sedentary behavior more often than individuals without an ID. People with ID spend more time in sedentary activities which can be attributed to lack of access to adapted PA options and trained adapted PA professionals. Moreover, the structure of programs and group homes for adults with ID does not offer activity options that would decrease sedentary time in this population. It is important to note that low levels of PA in this population have been empirically proven to be associated with structural, social, and environmental barriers (WHO 2011). This finding has huge implications for adapted PA research because these contraints can be addressed and overcome. Offering a predictable routine, clear instructions, and adapted PA that aligns with the capabilities of the individual with ID has been shown to improve engagement and adherence to PA. Likewise, psychological factors such as competence for PA and social support have been identified as key facilitators of PA in this population. This insight is valuable for behavioral interventions and indicates towards a need for adpated PA programs that focus bhevaioral change constructs that promote PA participation and engagement. Increased PA participantion has been associated with improved physical fitness, and overall health in poeple with ID. Therefore, it is paramount that disability researchers focus on designing interventions that address barriers and facilitate PA engagement and adherence in this population.