Answer оne questiоn: 1. Briefly explаin equipоise аnd why it mаtters for clinical trials. Evaluate the ethics of placebo-controlled trials to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in low-resource settings: present one argument from Lurie & Wolfe (against placebo) or Bagenda & Musoke-Mudido (for placebo), and one strong objection from the other side. Then defend your view: when, if ever, are placebo-controlled trials permissible where an effective but expensive therapy already exists? 2. Summarize one argument against harmful animal experimentation (for example, from Bentham or the argument from marginal cases) and one defense of it (for example, from Ringach or Kant). Then defend your position: do animals have sufficient moral status to make harmful experimentation on them morally wrong? Explain your reasoning clearly.