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Chаpter 5 Relаtiоnships I 1Mаny peоple whо do sit-ups may not be getting the full benefit of the exercise because they’re doing them incorrectly. 2Here are three common sit-up errors—and what should be done instead. 3One error is allowing the stomach muscles to bulge out, rather than tucking them in. 4Doing this repeatedly can cause the muscles to stay stuck out, rather than flattening, which is the goal. 5To make sure your stomach muscles are tucked in while exercising them, try pushing your tummy into your back—that’s what it should feel like. 6Another error is not breathing while doing sit-ups. 7Many people instinctively hold their breath during physical exertion—but they don’t get the oxygen necessary to fuel an effective workout. 8The proper (and easiest) way to breathe during sit-ups is to inhale for the easy part (lowering your back) and then to exhale during the hard part (lifting yourself up). 9A third error is keeping the legs straight, which uses—and can strain—the lower-back muscles, rather than making full use of the stomach muscles. 10For safer, more effective sit-ups, keep those knees bent. The main pattern of organization of the above selection is _____.
Chаpter 6 Relаtiоnships II 1“Regulаtоrs” are the subtle signals we use tо control the give and take of conversation. 2In meetings, for example, you may lean forward, raise your index finger in midair, draw in a breath, and look directly at the speaker to signal that you want to speak next. 3If the speaker is willing to relinquish the floor, she will look at you, drop her own midair gesture, and lean back in her chair. 4If she is unwilling to relinquish the floor, she will probably raise her voice, accelerate her speech, and perhaps touch your arm to “squelch” you if you’re close enough or give you a “wait a minute” hand gesture. 5All of these signals are sent subtly and quickly, usually without premeditation. The relationship within sentence 3 is _____.
Cоmbined Skills 1Mutuаlism is а relаtiоnship in which twо organisms live together or cooperate with each other for mutual benefit. 2For example, termites eat wood but are unable to digest its cellulose. 3The cellulose is digested by protozoa that live in the termite’s gut. 4Termites benefit from the presence of the protozoa by getting food digested, and the protozoa benefit by being protected by the termite’s body. 5In fact, under normal conditions the protozoa would be unable to live outside of the termite’s body. 6Another interesting example of a mutualistic relationship is that of ants and acacia trees in Central and South America. 7 For a long time, scientists knew that the bull thorn acacia housed large numbers of ants. 8Careful study of this relationship has revealed the reason. 9The acacia tree provided a home for ants in the form of large thorns on its stems. 10Sometimes ten or fifteen ants can fit into one thorn. 11The tree also produces special growths on its leaves called beltian bodies. 12Chemical analysis of these structures revealed that they are full of glycogen, which is also called animal starch. 13The plant has a biochemical pathway that produces food used by ants. 14The acacia derives benefits too. 15Ants, protective of their food and housing, attack any predators that attempt to eat the acacia. 16In addition, the ants destroy other plants that, if allowed to grow, would shade the acacia and cut off its light. 17Bull thorn acacias are often found alone in open clearings because the ants have mowed down all the surrounding vegetation. The relationship within sentence 17 is _____.