Students аre expected tо cоmplete аll оnline exаms independently and in accordance with university academic integrity policies. Once an exam has been opened in the LMS, students may not consult classmates, other individuals, course materials, textbooks, notes, recorded lectures, PowerPoint slides, internet resources, AI tools, messaging applications, or any other unauthorized materials or assistance unless explicitly permitted in the exam instructions. Students are also expected to refrain from discussing exam content with others until the exam period has officially closed for all students. Any sharing of exam questions, answers, or related content during the exam availability period constitutes a violation of academic integrity standards. By submitting this exam, I affirm that all responses represent my own independent work and that I completed the exam without unauthorized assistance or use of prohibited materials or resources.