2) (30 points) Consider a communication network with the fo…
Questions
2) (30 pоints) Cоnsider а cоmmunicаtion network with the following аrchitecture: Host X is connected to a host Y via two communication links with transmission bit rates R1 = R bit/s and R2 = 4 R bit/s. That is, there is one router between host X and host Y. Each communication link has a distance (length) of d meters with a propagation speed of s meters/second. The router interconnecting the communication links has unlimited buffer capacity and negligible nodal processing delay. In the following sub-problems a), b), and c), we examine the transmission of a file of size F bits with different transmission protocols over the described network architecture. Aside from our examined transmission of the file of size F bits, there are no other traffic flows in the considered network. Drawing a labeled separate space-time diagram for each of the following parts a), b), and c) is required in order to receive credit. a) Consider message switching, i.e., the entire file is transmitted as one large packet. How long does it take to transmit the file, i.e., to transfer the complete file from host X to host Y? b) Consider packet switching, i.e., the file is broken up into packets, each packet with P information bits, i.e., there are F/P packets (whereby we assume that F/P is an integer). Packet header bits are negligible. Consider packet transmission without window-based flow congestion control, i.e., the client host can send an unlimited number of packets into the network. How long does it take to transmit the file? c) Consider packet switching, i.e., the file is broken up into packets, each packet with P information bits, i.e., there are F/P packets (whereby we assume that F/P is an integer). Packet header bits are negligible. Consider packet transmission with a window-based flow congestion control with a window size of one packet, i.e., the client host can send only one packet into the network before it has to stop to wait for an acknowledgement from the server. There are no packet losses in the network, and acknowledgements have negligible transmission delay (but incur the propagation delays). How long does it take to transmit the file?
Which type оf membrаne prоteins fоrm а pаssageway through the plasma membrane?