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 A nurse is caring for a full‑term infant diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) that has remained open beyond the expected closure time. Which statement best describes the underlying pathophysiology of this defect? 

A patient in cardiogenic shock receives IV fluid resuscitation, but the patient’s condition worsens, and pulmonary congestion increases. Which explanation best describes this response? 

 A patient recently diagnosed with heart failure reports severe shortness of breath with only mild activity, such as walking across the room. Which explanation best describes the cause of this symptom? 

A child with ventricular septal defect (VSD) develops signs of heart failure. What type of shunt is occurring? 

Which of the following thyroid conditions would cause weight gain, hair loss, lethargy, mental sluggishness and increased subcutaneous tissue around the eyes?

You’re explaining to a friend why food chain lengths are generally short. For each statement below, indicate whether you would include it in your explanation or not. Consider both whether the statement is true and whether it is relevant for explaining why food chains are short. If the statement is false, select “don’t include”. If the statement is not relevant for answering the question, you will also select “don’t include”. In other words, you will only include statements that are both correct and relevant in your response to your friend. A) Organisms cannot digest all of the food that they eat. For example, many predators cannot consume the bones of their prey. [A] B) The total amount of available energy increases as you go up trophic levels from primary producers to tertiary consumers. [B] C) One of the laws of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed – it can only change from one form to another. [C] D) The primary productivity of aquatic ecosystems is often limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. [D]  E) Liebig’s law of the minimum suggests that only 10% of energy can be transferred upwards across trophic levels because energy transfer involves the loss of usable energy. [E]

A patient arrives at the emergency department with complaints of increasing shortness of breath and chest pressure over the last 7 weeks. During assessment, the nurse notes tachycardia and distant heart sounds. The patient is diagnosed with a pericardial effusion. The patient asks the nurse, “Why am I having symptoms now, I was sick with a virus almost two months ago?” Which explanation(s) should the nurse provide? Select all that apply. 

During an assessment, the nurse mentions hearing a new heart murmur. The client gets worried and asks, “What does this mean?” The nurse responds:  

Cumulative Every chemical in the following list is an acid. Select all the weak acids. You may select more than one.

A nurse is caring for two patients with heart failure. Which of the following statements correctly differentiates systolic heart failure from diastolic heart failure?